Somatic Hybridization in Crop Improvement II

389 Pages·2001·8.952 MB·English

by  H. Kisaka, M. Kisaka, A. Kanno, T. Kameya (auth.), Professor Dr. Toshiyuki Nagata, Professor Dr. Y. P. S. Bajaj (eds.)

Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Volumesalreadypublished
Volume 1:Trees1(1986)
Volume 2:CropsI(1986)
Volume 3:Potato (1987)
Volume 4:MedicinalandAromatic Plants I(1988)
Volume 5:Trees II (1989)
Volume 6:Crops II(1988)
Volume 7:Medicinal andAromaticPlantsII(1989)
Volume 8:Plant ProtoplastsandGeneticEngineering 1(1989)
Volume 9:Plant Protoplastsand GeneticEngineering11(1989)
Volume 10:Legumes and Oilseed Crops I(1990)
Volume II:SomaclonalVariation inCrop Improvement 1(1990)
Volume 12:HaploidsinCropImprovement1(1990)
Volume 13:Wheat (1990)
Volume 14:Rice(1991)
Volume 15:Medicinal andAromaticPlantsIII (1991)
Volume 16:TreesIII (1991)
Volume17:High-Techand Micropropagation 1(1991)
Volume 18:High-Techand Micropropagation II(1992)
Volume 19:High-TechandMicropropagation III (1992)
Volume20:High-TechandMicropropagation IV(1992)
Volume21:Medicinal andAromaticPlantsIV(1993)
Volume22:Plant Protoplastsand GeneticEngineeringIII (1993)
Volume23:Plant Protoplastsand Genetic EngineeringIV(1993)
Volume24:MedicinalandAromaticPlants V(1993)
Volume25:Maize(1994)
Volume 26:Medicinaland AromaticPlantsVI(1994)
Volume27:SomatieHybridization inCropImprovement I(1994)
Volume28:MedicinalandAromaticPlants VII (1994)
Volume29:Plant ProtoplastsandGeneticEngineeringV(1994)
Volume30:Somatie EmbryogenesisandSyntheticSeed I(1995)
Volume31:SomatieEmbryogenesisandSyntheticSeed II(1995)
Volume32:Cryopreservationof Plant Germplasm1(1995)
Volume33:MedicinalandAromatic PlantsVIII (1995)
Volume34:Plant Protoplastsand GeneticEngineeringVI(1995)
Volume35:TreesIV (1996)
Volume36:SomaclonalVariation inCropImprovement II(1996)
Volume37:MedicinalandAromaticPlants IX(1996)
Volume 38:Plant Protoplastsand GeneticEngineeringVII (1996)
Volume39:High-Tech and Microprogation V(1997)
Volume40:High-TechandMicroprogation VI (1997)
Volume41:MedicinalandAromatic Plants X(1998)
Volume42:Cotton (1998)
Volume43:MedicinalandAromaticPlantsXI(1999)
Volume44:TransgenicTrees(1999)
Volume45:TransgenicMedicinal Plants(1999)
Volume46:TransgenicCrops1(1999)
Volume47:TransgenicCropsII (2001)
Volume48:TransgenicCropsIII (2001)
Volume49:SomatieHybridizationinCrop Improvement II (2001)
Volumesinpreparation
Volume50:Cryopreservation ofPlant GcrmplasmII(2002)
Volume51:MedicinalandAromaticPlantsXII (2002)
Volume52:BrassicasandLegumes:From GenomeStructureto Breeding
Biotechnology in
Agriculture and Forestry 49
Somatie Hybridization
in Crop Improvement II
Edited by
T. Nagata and Y."p.S. Bajaj
With 154Figures, 4 in Color, and 53Tables
i
Springer
Professor Dr.Toshiyuki Nagata
University ofTokyo
Graduate Schoolof Science
Department of Biological Sciences
7-3-1Hongo,Bunkyo-ku
Tokyo 113-0033
Japan
Professor Or.Y.P.S.Bajajt
NewDelhi,India
ISSN 0934-943-X
ISBN 978-3-642-62500-8
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Somatichybridizationincropimprovement/editedbyY.P.S.Bajaj. p. cm.- (Biotechnologyinagriculturcand
forestry;27)Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN 978-3-642-62500-8 ISBN 978-3-642-56758-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-56758-21. Crops- Geneticengineering. 2. Somatiehybrids. 3. Crop
improvement. 1.Bajaj,Y.P.S., 1936- . II. Series. SBI23.57.S67 1994631.5'23 - dc20 94 - 15685. ISBN
3-540-41112-7D
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This Volume is dedicated to the late
Professor Georg Melchers, Tilbingen, Germany,
with whom I had intellectual interactions
from 1974 to 1998.
Toshiyuki Nagata
Preface
This is the second issue on the "Somatic Hybridization in Crop Improve
ments". Since the first issue appeared in 1994, further progress has been made,
which will be described in this Volume. At the onset, however, I have to explain
why I have become the series editor of Biotechnology in Agriculture and
Forestry (BAF) and thus the editor of this Volume. Towards the end of March,
2000, Dr. Dieter Czeschlik, the executive director for the books and journals
program in the life sciences at Springer-Verlag, asked me if I could accept the
series editorship of the BAF series, since Professor YP.S. Bajaj, the former
editor, passed away in May 1999. This was really a surprise, since I am already
engaged in various projects, including being Director of the Botanical Gardens
of the University of Tokyo, so that I am busy enough. On the other hand,
I was aware that this series is both successful and very useful for practical
purposes. So it was a great honor for me to have been invited to be the series
editor. In the meantime, some of my colleagues encouraged me to do this work
and continue this series. So, after consideration and a certain hesitation, finally
I dared to accept the proposal on the understanding that some changes in
direction of this series could be possible, because plant biotechnology is
steadily progressing and its course is changing.
Consequently, my first assignment for the BAF series is to complete Vol.
49, for which most of the manuscripts had accumulated. At this stage, I should
thank Prof. Bajaj for designing the rough shape of this Volume; however, I did
not ever meet him. Then I asked all the contributors to adjust the shape of
their respective chapters.
In this situation, allow me to recall my relationship to this present field.
In 1969, I started my studies on culturing tobacco mesophyll protoplasts
together with the late Professor Ham Takebe. After 5 months' efforts,
which proved be in vain, I witnessed the first division of tobacco mesophyll
protoplasts on November 5, 1969 (described in more detail in the Citation
Classic of Current Contents, Feb. 15, 1988). We were convinced at that moment
that we could carry out somatic cell genetics by using protoplasts from
mesophyll, which until that time had been considered unsuitable for culture.
Subsequently, I worked closely with the late Professor Georg Melchers of
the Max-Planck Institute for Biology, Tiibingen, Germany, on the basic
mechanism of protoplast fusion. In close contact with Professor Melchers, I
was witness to the production of somatic hybrids between tomato and potato,
the so-called pomato and topato. Since then, the idea of using somatic
hybridization for crop breeding has become realistic. On this subject, earlier
VIII Preface
experiments until the year of 1994 are included in the previous volume (Vol.
37 of BAF).
In this present Volume, the further development in this subject is
described. Notably, some products are examined in field tests to assess their
utility for the purpose of plant breeding; in particular, male-sterile rice
produced by this technique has been shown to be useful for the production
of hybrid rice. It should also be noted that the transfer of complex genetic
traits from some plants to others by asymmetrical hybridization is also
described, which cannot be attained even by the advanced transformation
technique.
Thus, somatic hybridization is shown to be a useful means to widen the
genetic variability of crops. Though the high tide of this subject seems to be
passing away, the usefulness of this discipline should be considered.
Tokyo, April 2001 Toshiyuki Nagata
Contents
Section I Cereals
1.1 Somatic Hybridization Between Hordeum vulgare L. (Barley)
and Daucus carota L. (Carrot)
H. KrsAKA, M. KrsAKA, A. KANNO, and T. KAMEYA (With 8 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................... 3
2 Protoplast Fusion and Culture of Fused Cells ................. 4
3 Analysis of the Three Regenerated Plants .................... 5
4 Characterization of Somatic Hybrids ........................ 7
5 Quantification and Effects of Betaine ....................... 9
6 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7 Protocol .............................................. 12
References .............................................. 14
I.2 Cybridization in Oryza sativa L. (Rice)
H. AKAGr (With 8 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................... 17
2 Somatic Hybridization ................................... 19
3 Charcteriztion of Rice Cybrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4 Selection of CMS Cybrid Plants .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5 Application of the Cybridization Method in Rice Breeding ...... 29
6 Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7 Protocol .............................................. 32
References .............................................. 34
I.3 Somatic Hybridization Between Oryza sativa L. (Rice)
and Hordeum vulgare L. (Barley)
H. KrsAKA, M. KrsAKA, A. KANNO, and T. KAMEYA (With 7 Figures)
1 Introduction .......................................... . 37
2 Protoplast Fusion and Culture ............................ . 38
3 Analysis of Regenerated Plant ............................ . 40
4 Assessment of Cold and Salt Tolerance ..................... . 41
5 Protocol 43
References ............................................. . 46
x Contents
1.4 Somatic Hybridization Between Triticum aestivum L. (Wheat)
and Haynaldia villosa L.
G.M. XIA, A.F. ZHOU, and H.M. CHEN (With 22 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................... 48
2 Preparation and Treatment of Parental Protoplasts ............. 49
3 Protoplast Fusion and Culture ............................. 50
4 Verification of Hybridity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5 Growth and Development of Hybrid Plants .................. 59
6 Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
7 Protocol .............................................. 62
References .............................................. 64
1.5 Asymmetric Somatic Hybridization Between Triticum aestivum L.
(Wheat) and Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel
G.M. XIA, A.F. ZHOU, F. XIANG, and H.M. CHEN (With 5 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................... 65
2 Preparation and Inactivation of Wheat Protoplasts ............. 65
3 Preparation of L. chinensis Protoplasts from Irradiated Calli ..... 66
4 Fusion of Parental Protoplasts and Culture of Fusion Products ... 69
5 Identification of Hybrid Calli and Plants ..................... 70
6 Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7 Protocol .............................................. 75
References .............................................. 76
Section II Vegetables and Fruits
11.1 Somatic Hybridization Between Arabidopsis and Brassica
1. SIEMENS and M.D. SACRISTAN (With 3 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................... 81
2 Somatic Hybridization ................................... 82
3 Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4 Protocol .............................................. 91
References .............................................. 92
11.2 Somatic Hybridization in Asparagus
H. KUNITAKE and M. MIl (With 9 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................... 95
2 Somatic Hybridization ................................... 97
3 Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4 Protocol .............................................. 108
References .............................................. 110
Contents XI
11.3 Somatic Hybridization in Cichorium intybus L. (Chicory)
C. RAMBAUD and J. VASSEUR (With 2 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................... 112
2 Somatic Hybridization ................................... 113
3 Analysis of the Regenerated Plants ......................... 118
4 Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5 Protocol for the Regenaration of Somatic Hybrids ............. 121
References .............................................. 122
II.4 Cybridization in Citrus unshiu Marc. (Satsuma Mandarin)
and C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Sweet Orange)
M. YAMAMOTO, S. KOBAYASHI, T. YOSHIOKA, and R. MATSUMOTO
(With 10 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................... 124
2 Somatic Hybridization ................................... 126
3 Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4 Protocol .............................................. 136
References .............................................. 137
11.5 Somatic Hybridization in Cucumis
c.1.
JARL (With 6 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................... 139
2 Somatic Hybridization ................................... 142
3 Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
4 Protocol .............................................. 148
References .............................................. 149
II.6 Somatic Hybridization in Diospyros (Persimmon)
M. TAMURA and R. TAO (With 8 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................... 152
2 Somatic Hybridization ................................... 153
3 Summary and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
4 Protocol .............................................. 160
References .............................................. 162
11.7 Somatic Hybridization in Ipomoea (Sweet Potato) Species
M.M. BELARMINO and T. SASAHARA (With 8 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................... 164
2 Protoplast Isolation ..................................... 166