Solution sets for net zero energy buildings : feedback from 30 buildings worldwide

248 Pages·2017·111.35 MB·English

by  Aelenei, Daniel, Aelenei, Laura, Ayoub, Joseph, Garde, François, Scognamiglio, Alessandra

Edited by
François Garde
Josef Ayoub
Daniel Aelenei
Laura Aelenei
Alessandra Scognamiglio
SolutionSetsforNetZero
EnergyBuildings
Related Titles
Athienitis,A.,O’Brien,W.(eds.)
Modeling,Design,andOptimizationofNet-ZeroEnergyBuildings
2015
PrintISBN:978-3-433-03083-7
oBookISBN:978-3-433-60462-5
ePDFISBN:978-3-433-60463-2
eMobiISBN:978-3-433-60464-9
ePubISBN:978-3-433-60465-6
Hadorn,J.-C.(ed.)
SolarandHeatPumpSystemsforResidentialBuildings
2015
PrintISBN:978-3-433-03040-0
oBookISBN:978-3-433-60483-0
ePDFISBN:978-3-433-60484-7
eMobiISBN:978-3-433-60482-3
ePubISBN:978-3-433-60485-4
Edited by
François Garde
Josef Ayoub
Daniel Aelenei
Laura Aelenei
Alessandra Scognamiglio
Solution Sets for Net Zero Energy Buildings
Feedback from 30 Net ZEBs worldwide
Editors AllbookspublishedbyErnst&Sohnarecarefullyproduced.
Nevertheless,authors,editors,andpublisherdonotwarrantthe
Prof.Dr.FrançoisGarde informationcontainedinthesebooks,includingthisbook,tobe
UniversityofLaReunion freeoferrors.Readersareadvisedtokeepinmindthat
France statements,data,illustrations,proceduraldetailsorotheritems
mayinadvertentlybeinaccurate.
JosefAyoub LibraryofCongressCardNo.:appliedfor
CanmetENERGY
NaturalResourcesCanada(NRCan) BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
Varennes,Québec AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritish
Canada Library.
BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutsche
Prof.Dr.DanielAelenei Nationalbibliothek
UniversidadeNovadeLisboa TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhispublicationinthe
Portugal DeutscheNationalbibliografie;detailedbibliographicdataare
availableontheInternetat<http://dnb.d-nb.de>.
Dr.LauraAelenei 2017WilhelmErnst&Sohn,VerlagfürArchitekturund
LNEG technischeWissenschaftenGmbH&Co.KG,Rotherstraße21,
Portugal 10245Berlin,Germany
Allrightsreserved(includingthoseoftranslationintoother
Dr.AlessandraScognamiglio languages).Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinany
ENEA form–byphotoprinting,microfilm,oranyothermeans–nor
Naples transmittedortranslatedintoamachinelanguagewithoutwritten
Italy permissionfromthepublishers.Registerednames,trademarks,
etc.usedinthisbook,evenwhennotspecificallymarkedas
such,arenottobeconsideredunprotectedbylaw.
Cover:
ENERPOS:aFrenchNetZeroEnergyBuilding(Net PrintISBN:978-3-433-03072-1
ZEB)andoneofthefirstNetZEBsdesignedinthe ePDFISBN:978-3-433-60469-4
tropicsthankstoanefficientpassivedesignusing ePubISBN:978-3-433-60468-7
crossnaturalventilationandbuildingintegratedPV MobiISBN:978-3-433-60467-0
roofsthatproduceelectricity.ENERPOSislocated oBookISBN:978-3-433-60466-3
onReunionIsland(France).
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Typesetting:ThomsonDigital,Noida,India
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PrintedintheFederalRepublicofGermany
Printedonacid-freepaper
V
Table of Contents
Abouttheeditors IX
....................................................................................
ListofContributors XIII
...............................................................................
IEASolarHeatingandCoolingProgramme XVII
...............................
Foreword XIX
....................................................................................................
Acknowledgments
................................................................................. XXI
1 Introduction 1
..................................................................................................
1.1 Whyanotherbookonnetzeroenergybuildings? 1
....................................
1.2 Whatisanetzeroenergybuilding? 2
............................................................
1.2.1 IEASHCTask40/EBCAnnex52:Towardsnetzeroenergy
solarbuildings 2
................................................................................................
1.2.2 Targetaudience:Designersandtheirclients 3
.............................................
1.3 Structureofthisbook 5
....................................................................................
References 6
.......................................................................................................
2 Netzeroenergybuildingdesignfundamentals 7
...............................
2.1 Netzeroenergybuildingdefinitionandclassification 7
.............................
2.1.1 Physicalboundary 8
..........................................................................................
2.1.2 Balanceboundary 10
..........................................................................................
2.1.3 Weightingsystem 11
..........................................................................................
2.1.4 Normalization 11
.................................................................................................
2.1.5 Balanceperiod 12
................................................................................................
2.1.6 Balancetypes 12
..................................................................................................
2.1.7 Furtherrequirements 13
......................................................................................
2.2 NetZEBcasestudies:building,climateandmeasureclassifications 14
....
2.2.1 Climateclassification 15
.....................................................................................
2.2.2 Buildingtypeclassification 16
..........................................................................
2.2.3 NetZEBmeasureclassification 16
...................................................................
2.3 Net-zeroenergystrategiesandmeasures 18
....................................................
2.3.1 Passiveapproachstrategies 19
..........................................................................
2.3.2 Passivemeasures 21
............................................................................................
2.3.3 Energyefficiencystrategies 25
..........................................................................
2.3.4 Energyefficiencymeasures 28
..........................................................................
2.3.5 Renewableenergysystemstrategies 29
...........................................................
2.3.6 Renewableenergymeasures 32
........................................................................
2.4 Summary:solutionsets 33
.................................................................................
2.4.1 NetZEBsolutionsetsandassociatedcategories 33
......................................
2.4.2 OtherconsiderationsofnetZEBdesignandsolutionsets 34
......................
References 36
.......................................................................................................
3 NetZEBcasestudybuildings,measuresandsolutionsets 39
.......
3.1 Introduction 39
.....................................................................................................
3.2 Thecasestudybuildings 40
...............................................................................
3.2.1 Residentialbuildings 41
.....................................................................................
3.2.2 Non-residentialbuildings 45
..............................................................................
VI TableofContents
3.3 NetZEBmeasures 51
.........................................................................................
3.4 NetZEBmeasuresincasestudybuildings 53
................................................
3.4.1 Passivemeasures 54
............................................................................................
3.4.2 Energyefficiencymeasures 65
..........................................................................
3.4.3 Renewableenergymeasure 74
..........................................................................
3.5 NetZEBmeasuresummariesandsolutionsets 87
........................................
3.5.1 NetZEBmeasuresdeploymentsummaries 87
...............................................
3.5.2 Solutionsetsinresidentialbuildings 100
..........................................................
3.5.3 Solutionsetsinnon-residentialbuildings 101
..................................................
References 101
.......................................................................................................
4 NetZEBdesignopportunitiesandchallenges 103
.................................
4.1 Introduction 103
.....................................................................................................
4.2 ArchitecturaldesignandthenetZEBobjective 104
........................................
4.2.1 Energybalanceandbuildingshape 104
.............................................................
4.2.2 Renewableenergysystemsdesign 108
..............................................................
4.3 Theintegrateddesignprocess 113
......................................................................
4.3.1 Theimportanceofthebrief 113
..........................................................................
4.3.2 Theroleofthearchitect 114
................................................................................
4.3.3 Organizationaldesigndecisionmaking 114
......................................................
4.3.4 IntegrateddesignprocessandnetZEBs 115
.....................................................
4.4 Theinfluenceofrenewableenergysystemsonbuildingdesign 117
.............
4.4.1 Envelopeintegratedsupplyoptions:photovoltaicsvs.solarthermal 118
....
4.4.2 Photovoltaics 121
..................................................................................................
4.4.3 Solarthermal 123
...................................................................................................
4.4.4 Photovoltaic–Thermalcombinedsystems 124
................................................
4.4.5 Windturbines 126
.................................................................................................
4.5 Newdesignopportunitiesandexistingbarriers 129
........................................
4.5.1 Therighttosunshine 129
.....................................................................................
4.5.2 Anewideaofbuildingphysicalfootprint 130
.................................................
4.5.3 Listedbuildings 132
..............................................................................................
4.5.4 Renovationofpost-warperiodbuildings 132
..................................................
4.6 TheappearanceoffuturenetZEBs 133
.............................................................
4.6.1 NetZEBsshapesandperformances:atypologicalrepertoire 133
.................
4.6.2 AnewaestheticsdrivenbynetZEBs 141
.........................................................
4.7 Conceptsforfuturecities 141
..............................................................................
4.7.1 Urbanizationversussprawl:towardsnetzeroenergycommunities? 142
.....
4.7.2 NetZEBs,smartgridsandsmartcities 143
......................................................
References 147
.......................................................................................................
5 Monitoringandpost-occupancyevalutionofNetZEBs 153
...............
5.1 Introduction 153
.....................................................................................................
5.2 Whymonitorbuildingenergyandcomfort? 154
..............................................
5.2.1 Interestsandissuesrelatedtomonitoringbuildings 154
.................................
5.2.2 Monitoringtoimproveoverallbuildingperformance 156
..............................
5.3 AstandardmonitoringprotocolforNetZEBs 158
..........................................
TableofContents VII
5.3.1 Monitoringsystemplanning 160
.........................................................................
5.3.2 Monitoringsystemdesign 162
............................................................................
5.3.3 Monitoringsysteminstallation 163
.....................................................................
5.3.4 Monitoringsystemoperation 163
.......................................................................
5.4 Buildingenergymonitoringprotocols 165
........................................................
5.4.1 Energymonitoringprotocol 165
.........................................................................
5.4.2 Casestudy:energymonitoringatENERPOS 166
...........................................
5.5 Indoorenvironmentalqualitymonitoringandpost-occupancy
evaluation 170
........................................................................................................
5.5.1 Indoorenvironmentalquality(IEQ)monitoringprotocol 170
........................
5.5.2 Casestudy:comfortmonitoringatENERPOS 174
..........................................
5.6 Experiencefrommonitoringat5NetZEBs 182
..............................................
5.6.1 Monitoringat5casestudybuildings 182
..........................................................
5.6.2 Buildingmanagementsystem 186
......................................................................
5.6.3 Energyresults 187
.................................................................................................
5.6.4 Comfortmeasurements 190
.................................................................................
5.6.5 Generalobservationsonoccupantbehavior 190
..............................................
References 191
.......................................................................................................
6 Feedbackfrombuildingdesigners,engineersandoccupants 195
...
6.1 Introduction 195
.....................................................................................................
6.2 Lessonslearnedfromthedesignprocess 195
...................................................
6.2.1 Generalobservationsfromthedesignprocess 195
..........................................
6.2.2 Designhierarchy 197
............................................................................................
6.2.3 Motivations 198
.....................................................................................................
6.3 Lessonslearnedfrombuildingdesigners,engineersandoccupants 199
......
6.3.1 Passivedesign 199
.................................................................................................
6.3.2 Energyefficiency 202
...........................................................................................
6.3.3 Renewableenergy 205
..........................................................................................
6.3.4 Recommendations 206
..........................................................................................
6.4 OccupantconsiderationinthedesignandoperationofNetZEBs 208
.........
6.4.1 Effectsoftheoccupantbehavioronenergyuseandcomfort 208
.................
6.4.2 Automationvsusercontrols 209
.........................................................................
6.4.3 Occupantbehaviorcanhinderbuildingperformance 210
...............................
6.4.4 LessonsfromoccupantbehaviorinNetZEBs 211
..........................................
References 215
.......................................................................................................
Glossary 217
.........................................................................................................
Index 223
...............................................................................................................

IX
About the editors
Dr.FrançoisGardeisaProfessorofBuildingPhysicsat
theFacultyofEngineeringESIROIandSeniorResearcher
atthePIMENTLaboratory,UniversityofLaReunion.At
a political level, he is also responsible for the sustainable
policyattheuniversity.Heisanengineergraduatedfrom
theFrench“GrandeEcole”EcoleCentraledeLyon(1989)
andhasaMBAincompanymanagement.Afterthreeyears
inanengineeringpractice,heachievedhisPhDin1997as
aresearchengineerintheFrenchPublicUtility“Electricité
deFrance”inReunionIsland.Hismainfieldsofactivities
are Net Zero Energy Buildings and Communities in the
tropics, thermal comfort and Post Occupancy Evaluation.
HeisaFrenchrecognizedexpertinthedesignoflow/netzeroenergybuildingsinthe
tropics. He is the former project manager of thermal standards and research national
projectsfocusingontoolsandmethodsforthedesignoflow/netzeroenergybuildings
(ECODOM 2000, PERENE 2009, ENERPOS 2009). He is the former Sub-Task C
Leader of the IEA SHC Task 40 EBC Annex 52 “Towards Net-Zero Energy Solar
Buildings” (2009-2013) and a French national expert in the IEA SHC Task 51 “Solar
Energy in Urban Planning” (2013-2017).
Josef Ayoub is a Senior Energy Science and Technol­
ogy Planning Advisor at the Department of Natural
ResourcesCanada,attheCanmetENERGYtechnology
researchcenterinVarennes,Quebec.Heparticipatesin
severaldepartmentalportfoliosundertheGovernmentof
Canada’s Program on Energy Research and Develop­
mentinthetechnologyareasofintegrationofrenewable
distributedenergyresourcesintonetzero energybuild­
ings.HeistheformerOperatingAgentoftheIEASHC
Task 40 EBC Annex 52 (“Towards Net-Zero Energy
SolarBuildings”)(2009–2013)andtheFormerNetwork
Manager of the Canadian NSERC Smart Net Zero
Energy Buildings Strategic Research Network (2011–2014). He was also Canada’s
delegatetotheExecutiveCommitteeoftheIEAPhotovoltaicPowerSystemsProgram
(2005-2012),andispresentlyCanada’sAlternateDelegatetotheExecutiveCommittee
to IEA International Smart Grid Action Network.
Dr. Laura Aelenei is a senior researcher at the Energy Efficiency Unit of National
EnergyandGeology LaboratoryandInvitedProfessorofEnergyEfficiencystudiesat
the Master of Energy and Environment Engineering at the Faculty of Sciences of the
University of Lisbon (FCUL). She is a Civil Engineer, holding a Master Degree on
BuildingsRehabilitationandaPhDinCivilEngineering(heatandmasstransfer,fluid
dynamics through building ventilated envelope systems). She is involved in several
nationalandinternationalresearchprojectsasparticipantorcoordinatorandparticipated
X Abouttheeditors
in buildings national regulation commissions. She was
participating as national expert in the International
Energy Agency (IEA) SHC Task 40/ECBCS Annex
52 “Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings.” She
isreviewerforinternationalJournals:RenewableEnergy
Journal, Energies and ASME Journal of Solar Energy
Engineering: Including Wind Energy and Building
Energy Conservation, evaluator of European Cost proj­
ect proposals. She is co-author of six scientific books
(national and international) and author of more than 50
research papers published in scientific journals, confer­
ences and communications.
Dr.DanielAeleneiisaprofessorofbuildingphysicsand
building technical services at the Department of Civil
Engineering and senior researcher at Center of Technol­
ogy and Systems (CTS) of the “Universidade Nova” of
Lisbon, Portugal. He is responsible for graduate and
postgraduate courses and for supervision of dissertations
in energy efficiency of buildings. He studied civil engi­
neeringattheTechnicalUniversity“GheorgheAsachi”of
Iasi, Romania, and in 2004 achieved his PhD at the
“Instituto Superior Técnico” of University of Lisbon,
Portugal, in the field of passive cooling design and
technologiesforhousing.HeisactiveparticipantintheCostActionTU1403(“Adaptive
FaçadeNetwork”)andintheIEAEBCAnnex67(“EnergyFlexibleBuildings”)andhas
participatedintheIEASHCTask40EBCAnnex52(“TowardsNet-ZeroEnergySolar
Buildings”).
Dr.AlessandraScognamiglioisaresearcherinthePhoto­
voltaicSystemsandSmartGridsUnitattheENEA(Italian
National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sus­
tainable Economic Development). She holds a PhD in
Technologies for Architecture and Environment from the
Second University of Naples Luigi Vanvitelli, 2010, a
Master in Architecture from the University of Naples Fed­
ericoII,1998,andisalicensedarchitect(Naples,1998).Her
mainfieldsofactivityare:BuildingIntegratedPhotovoltaics
(BIPV), Photovoltaics and sensitive landscapes, Net Zero
Energy Buildings and Smart Cities. Since 2003, she has
beenateacherattheItalianNationalInstituteofArchitectureforapostgraduatemaster
course in “Designer of sustainable architectures.” She is participating in European
projects aimed at the development of special photovoltaic components for buildings.
She is also involved in several IEA research collaborations, particularly: 2008–2012
IEA SHC Task 41 “Solar Energy and Architecture”; 2008–2013 IEA SHC Task 40­
EBC Annex 52 “Towards Net Zero Energy Solar Buildings,” 2013–2017 IEA SHC