Table Of ContentSolid–Liquid Separation
Technologies
Solid–Liquid Separation
Technologies
Applications for Produced Water
Edited by
Olayinka I. Ogunsola and Isaac K. Gamwo
First edition published 2022
by CRC Press
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ISBN: 978-0-367-89328-6 (hbk)
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DOI: 10.1201/9781003091011
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Contents
Preface......................................................................................................................vii
Editors .......................................................................................................................ix
Contributors ..............................................................................................................xi
Chapter 1 Produced Water Treatment Technologies: An Overview .....................1
Isaac K. Gamwo, Hossain M. Azam, and Hseen O. Baled
Chapter 2 Produced Water Overview: Characteristics, Treatment,
and Beneficial Uses ............................................................................25
Elena Subia Melchert
Chapter 3 Standard Water Treatment Techniques and Their Applicability
to Oil and Gas Produced Brines of Varied Compositions..................39
Nicholas Siefert and Madison Wenzlick
Chapter 4 Transport of Major Elements in Produced Water
through Reactive Porous Media .........................................................75
Zi Ye and Valentina Prigiobbe
Chapter 5 Prediction of Barium Sulfate Deposition in Petroleum
and Hydrothermal Systems ..............................................................101
Derek M. Hall, Serguei N. Lvov, and Isaac K. Gamwo
Chapter 6 Membrane Technologies and Applications for
Produced Water Treatment ...............................................................123
Xiaoyi Chen, Haiqing Lin, Fan Shi, Kevin Resnik,
and Shouliang Yi
Chapter 7 Assessment of Oil Fouling by Oil–Membrane
Interaction Energy Analysis .............................................................151
Henry J. Tanudjaja and Jia W. Chew
v
vi Contents
Chapter 8 Enrichment of Rare Earth Element (REE) Minerals from
Different Sources in the Coal Value Chain by Froth Flotation ........169
Fan Shi, Tuo Ji, Walter Christopher Wilfong, Yee Soong,
Thomas J. Tarka, and McMahan Gray
Chapter 9 Recent Advances for Solid–Liquid Separation by
Crystallization ..................................................................................195
Alison E. Lewis and Torsten Stelzer
Chapter 10 Magnetic Separation of Micro- and Nanoparticles for
Water Treatment Processes ..............................................................211
Jenifer Gómez-Pastora, Xian Wu, and Jeffrey J. Chalmers
Chapter 11 Influence of Colloids on Mineralization in Unconventional
Oil and Gas Reservoirs and Wellbores: A Case Study with
the Marcellus Shale ..........................................................................233
J. Alexandra Hakala, Wei Xiong, Justin Mackey,
Meghan Brandi, James Gardiner, Nicholas Siefert,
Christina Lopano, Barbara Kutchko, and B.J. Carney
Chapter 12 Crystallizers for Brine Waste Treatment: Technologies
and Design Heuristics ......................................................................263
Sankaranarayanan Ayyakudi Ravichandran,
Jacob Hutfles, and John Pellegrino
Index ......................................................................................................................279
Preface
Water generally coexists with deposits of fossil energy resources (coal, oil, and gas)
and is subsequently coproduced with these resources during production. The market
value of produced water is very low compared to the energy resource it is coproduced
with; in fact, produced water is typically considered a by-product or waste and is
generally disposed. However, several methods are available for handling produced
water, including reinjection for disposal and treatment for reuse.
The economic and environmental importance of produced water has recently
gained increased attention. Injecting large volumes of produced water underground
over a long period of time and within a conducive geological setting/environment
has been found to cause induced seismicity. At the same time, produced water is
also a potential source of value-added products, such as minerals and other elements
the water dissolved during the thousands of years it lay buried in its unique geologic
setting. The water/produced water also contains chemicals added during oil and gas
exploration and production operations and native bacteria in the original geologic
setting.
These constituents can be recovered and used for manufacturing value-added
products, while the treated water can be beneficially used for other purposes. New
advances in solid–liquid separation technologies offer promising means for cost-
effective production of the various products while reducing the environmental
impacts associated with produced water injection.
This book provides information on produced water and water-related technolo-
gies, including an overview of characteristics, treatment, and beneficial reuse of pro-
duced water; some policy and regulatory considerations for produced water; and an
overview of various solid–liquid separation technologies (such as membrane, filtra-
tion, crystallization, desalination, etc.).
This book also covers recent research advances in solid–liquid separation not
related to produced water, as well as overview of the amenability of produced water to
varying treatment technologies. The authors anticipate this book will be particularly
useful for produced water/water treatment plant engineers, designers, and operators,
as well as for researchers, professionals, technology developers, and policy/regula-
tory entities. The book is also a valuable resource for graduate and undergraduate
courses in solid–liquid separation, process design engineering, and environmental
engineering and related fields.
vii
Editors
Olayinka I. Ogunsola, Ph.D.
Dr. Olayinka (Yinka) Ogunsola is a Senior Program Manager/Environmental
Engineer in the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon
Management, where he manages the Department’s onshore oil and gas and pro-
duced water research and development programs. Prior to joining DOE in 2000,
Dr. Ogunsola was a National Research Council Senior Research Associate at the
U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL),
Morgantown, West Virginia. While at NETL, Dr. Ogunsola planned and conducted
research related to solid–fluid separation and transport reactor system in general.
Before working at NETL, he was a Research Associate Professor in the School
of Mineral Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks. Dr. Ogunsola also worked
at the then Western Research Laboratory, Canada Center for Energy & Mineral
Technology (CANMET), Devon, Alberta, Canada, as NSERC Research Fellow.
Prior to joining CANMET, he was a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Petroleum
Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
Dr. Ogunsola has published over 55 peer-reviewed scientific papers in reputable
journals, symposia, and proceedings and has coedited two books in the areas of
fuel and energy engineering. He has organized and chaired/co-chaired a number
of symposia and technical sessions at technical conferences/meetings of American
Chemical Society, National Organization for the Advancement of Black Chemists
and Chemical Engineers, and American Institute of Chemical Engineers. He holds a
Bachelor of Science (Honors) in Fuel and Energy Engineering from Leeds University,
Leeds, England, and a Ph.D. from the Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
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