Table Of ContentSolid–Liquid Thermal
Energy Storage
Solid–Liquid Thermal
Energy Storage
Modeling and Applications
Edited by
Moghtada Mobedi, Kamel Hooman, and
Wen-Quan Tao
First edition published 2022
by CRC Press
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ISBN: 978-1-032-10018-0 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-10026-5 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-21326-0 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003213260
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Contents
Preface......................................................................................................................vii
Editors .......................................................................................................................ix
Contributors ..............................................................................................................xi
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Solid–Liquid Thermal Energy Storage Systems ....1
Moghtada Mobedi, Kamel Hooman, and Wen-Quan Tao
Chapter 2 Solid–Liquid Phase Change Materials for Energy Storage:
Opportunities and Challenges ............................................................15
A. Stamatiou, S. Maranda, L. J. Fischer, and J. Worlitschek
Chapter 3 Experimental Techniques and Challenges in Evaluating the
Performance of PCMs ........................................................................37
S. Mancin, M. Calati, and D. Guarda
Chapter 4 Design Criteria for Advanced Latent Heat Thermal
Energy Storage Systems .....................................................................71
Chunrong Zhao and Kamel Hooman
Chapter 5 Multi-Scale Modeling in Solid–Liquid Phase Change Conjugate
Heat Transfer for Thermal Energy Storage Applications ..................97
Qinlong Ren, Li Chen, Yu-Bing Tao, and Wen-Quan Tao
Chapter 6 Latent Heat of Fusion and Applications of Silicon-Metal Alloys ....127
Ming Liu, Peter Majewski, Frank Bruno, Nikki Stanford,
Rhys Jacob, Shane Sheoran, and Serge Bondarenko
Chapter 7 Heat Transfer Augmentation of Latent Heat Thermal Storage
Systems Employing Extended Surfaces and Heat Pipes ..................145
B. Kamkari and L. Darvishvand
Chapter 8 Fin-Metal Foam Hybrid Structure for Enhancing
Solid–Liquid Phase Change .............................................................169
Xiaohu Yang, Ming-Jia Li, and Kamel Hooman
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vi Contents
Chapter 9 Micro- and Nano-Encapsulated PCM Fluids ...................................191
M. Mehrali, M. Shahi, and A. Mahmoudi
Chapter 10 Structural Classification of PCM Heat Exchangers .........................217
Moghtada Mobedi and Chunyang Wang
Chapter 11 Cool Thermal Energy Storage: Water and Ice to Alternative
Phase Change Materials ...................................................................243
Sandra K. S. Boetcher
Chapter 12 Evolution of Melt Path in a Horizontal Shell and Tube Latent
Heat Storage System for Concentrated Solar Power Plants .............257
Soheila Riahi, Michael Evans, Ming Liu, Rhys Jacob, and
Frank Bruno
Chapter 13 Sensible and Latent Thermal Energy Storage in Parallel Channels ....275
B. Buonomo, A. di Pasqua, O. Manca, S. Nardini, and S. Sabet
Chapter 14 Recent Progress of Phase Change Materials and a
Novel Application to Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Battery
Thermal Management ......................................................................295
Yiwei Wang, Peng Peng, Wenjiong Cao, and Fangming Jiang
Chapter 15 Phase Change Material-Based Thermal Energy Storage for
Cold Chain Applications – From Materials to Systems ...................315
Yelaman Maksum, Lin Cong, Boyang Zou, Binjian Nie,
Siyuan Dai, Yongliang Li, Yanqi Zhao, Bakytzhan Akhmetov,
Lige Tong, Li Wang, and Yulong Ding
Index ......................................................................................................................337
Preface
Providing an introduction to both solid–liquid phase change and advanced aspects
of the many problems, this book is prepared keeping both industry and academia
in mind. Fundamental aspects of the phase change problem as well as practical
implementation of the technology developed based on it are analyzed. The book
offers a combination of theoretical, numerical, and experimental techniques that are
implemented to understand the underlying physics and also to facilitate the use of
solid–liquid thermal energy systems in lab-, prototype-, and full-scale applications.
Theoretical modeling of these systems, the governing equations, assumptions, and
solutions by improved numerical methods are explained in different chapters of this
book. Different important topics in this area from classification of phase change
material (PCM) heat exchangers to enhancement of heat transfer by using fins, high
conductive porous media, encapsulated PCMs, and nanoparticles are discussed.
Recent advances in PCM-based thermal energy storage systems, due to the rapid
development of the technology and the increasing number of studies in this area,
are surveyed here. Preparing the chapters, the authors’ intention was to provide a
guideline, where possible, for policy-makers, practicing engineers, and researchers to
improve their designs and help with decision-making processes. The book consists of
three sections: Introduction, Fundamental Studies, and Applications.
INTRODUCTION
Solid–liquid thermal storage has been the subject of many studies, but we preferred
to start the book with an introduction chapter briefly explaining the importance of
thermal storage, their classification, as well as difficulties faced in their design and
deployment. Many studies have been carried out on PCMs to improve their latent
heat and thermophysical properties and also to manufacture new PCMs for differ-
ent working temperatures. Chapter 2 discusses recent studies on PCMs focusing on
materials. The chapter identifies eight material-related challenges that currently hin-
der robust operation of PCMs and in developing novel ones. Chapter 3 focuses on
the experimental methods for this kind of thermal storage system. It is subdivided
into two main sections: the first one goes over fundamental studies trying to dem-
onstrate different experimental techniques, while the second one presents different
applications focusing on the most important performance parameters to be evaluated
experimentally.
FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES
Chapter 4 aims at providing design guidelines for optimal performance of storage
tanks containing solid–liquid PCMs. The authors reviewed and listed some of the
approximate solutions for melting and solidification in storage tanks filled with PCMs
under the effect of thermal conductivity enhancers or thermal spreaders. Being highly
flexible and low cost to implement, numerical modeling plays an indispensable role
vii
viii Preface
in investigating thermo-hydraulics of latent heat thermal energy storage systems.
Chapter 5 highlights the multiscale numerical methods and their coupling schemes
for solid–liquid phase change conjugate heat transfer including molecular dynamics
simulation, lattice Boltzmann method, and finite volume method as well as the appli-
cations of multiscale modeling technique. Chapter 6 discusses a number of silicon
alloys studied with respect to their melting temperatures (850°C–1400°C) and latent
heat of fusion to provide insight on the use of silicon alloys for thermal energy stor-
age. Chapter 7 briefly introduces the different heat transfer enhancement techniques
employed in solid–liquid thermal energy storage systems, particularly fins and heat
pipes. Methods for enhancement of heat transfer continue with Chapter 8 which is on
a fin-metal foam hybrid structure. Thermal energy charging/discharging performance
for the proposed hybrid structure is experimentally evaluated by closely monitoring
the full melting time, temperature response, and melting front evolution. Finally, com-
bination of carrier fluids and PCMs has been studied in Chapter 9 where the current
state of research on encapsulated phase change slurries has been touched on.
APPLICATIONS
Increasing the TRL (Technology Readiness Level) for PCM heat exchangers has
been a goal sought by this book. Hence, an entire section has been devised to focus
on industrial applications by listing the challenges, opportunities, and success sto-
ries. Chapter 10 reviews 150 studies on PCM heat exchangers and classifies them so
that their advantages and disadvantages can be known. Chapter 11 summarizes dif-
ferent types of water/ice thermal energy storage systems and provides an overview of
alternative PCMs to be used in cool thermal energy storage systems. The evolution
of melt front in a horizontal shell and tube latent heat storage system for concentrated
solar power plants is investigated in Chapter 12. The possibility of having a melt trap
around a tube in horizontal orientation of a shell and tube thermal energy storage
system is investigated by using thermal stress analysis. The application of honey-
comb systems is discussed in Chapter 13. The performed analysis simulates heat
and fluid flow in the honeycomb system as a porous medium both for the sensible
and latent heat thermal energy storage systems. A novel compact cooling system for
thermal management of lithium-ion battery packs is proposed in Chapter 14. The
suggested cooling system is a hybrid consisting of PCM and heat pipe. Experiments
were c onducted to verify the effectiveness of the hybrid thermal management sys-
tem. Finally, Chapter 15 provides application examples of PCM-based cold energy
storage devices through integration within a cold chain, including warehouses and
transportation.
Editors
Moghtada Mobedi is a professor of heat transfer and works in Mechanical
Engineering Department, Shizuoka University in Japan. He received his Ph.D. from
Middle East Technical University, Turkey in 1994. After working in an HVAC com-
pany as a project manager, he worked in the Mechanical Engineering Department of
Izmir Institute of Technology in Turkey between 2003 and 2015. Since 2015, he has
been working at Shizuoka University and continues his research in Japan. He has
taught many bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. courses such as heat transfer, compu-
tational fluid dynamics, convective heat transfer, and numerical methods in Turkey,
Japan, and European countries. His research interests include heat transfer enhance-
ment in solid–liquid phase change, heat and mass transfer in porous media, adsorption
heat pump, and computational fluid dynamics. He published more than 70 papers in
international journals as well as 100 papers in national and international conferences
and 3 book chapters on the various applications of heat transfer. He has supervised
many master’s and Ph.D. students both in Turkey and Japan. He received fellowships
from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, European Union, and Cracow
University of Technology to visit laboratories of different universities in Japan, Poland,
Italy, Sweden, and Austria. He has led many projects funded by “State Planning
Department of Turkey”, “Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey”,
“Japan Society for the Promotion of Science”, and “Suzuki Foundation” to study on
discovering innovative methods for heat transfer enhancement for single convection
heat transfer, adsorbent beds as well as for solid–liquid phase change thermal storage.
Kamel Hooman is a professor of heat transformation technology at the Delft
University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. from The University of Queensland
in 2009 where he has worked for almost two decades. He is working closely with the
industry in the field of thermo-fluids engineering. He was named Australia’s Research
Field Leader in Thermal Sciences in 2019. His book “Convective Heat Transfer in
Porous Media” has been published in 2019 (CRC Press) to help both undergradu-
ate and postgraduate students who work on porous media flows. An author of over
150 archival journal articles, 8 book chapters, and over 50 conference papers, he
has given numerous national and international invited lectures, keynote addresses,
and presentations. He has been awarded fellowships from Emerald, Australian
Research Council, National Science Foundation China, Australian Academy of
Sciences, and Chinese Academy of Sciences with visiting professor/researcher posi-
tions at the University of Padova, La Sapienza University of Rome, Krakow Institute
of Technology, Ecole Centrale Paris, University of Malaya, Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Harbin Institute of Technology, North
Western Polytechnical University, Tianjin University, and Shandong University.
He is the associate editor for the International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,
Heat Transfer Engineering, and Journal of Porous Media while serving on the edi-
torial/advisory board of some international journals and conferences in the field
ix
