Table Of ContentLecture Notes in Energy 32
Masakazu Sugiyama
Katsushi Fujii
Shinichiro Nakamura Editors
Solar to
Chemical
Energy
Conversion
Theory and Application
Lecture Notes in Energy
Volume 32
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Masakazu Sugiyama Katsushi Fujii
(cid:129)
Shinichiro Nakamura
Editors
Solar to Chemical Energy
Conversion
Theory and Application
123
Editors
Masakazu Sugiyama Shinichiro Nakamura
Department ofElectrical Engineering Nakamura Laboratory
andInformationSystems, RIKEN Research Cluster for Innovation,
Schoolof Engineering RIKEN
TheUniversity of Tokyo Wako
Tokyo Japan
Japan
Katsushi Fujii
GlobalSolarPlus Initiative
TheUniversity of Tokyo
Tokyo
Japan
ISSN 2195-1284 ISSN 2195-1292 (electronic)
Lecture Notesin Energy
ISBN978-3-319-25398-5 ISBN978-3-319-25400-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-25400-5
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Preface
This book provides both the theoretical background and state-of-the-art review of
solar-to-chemical energy conversion: the most important technology for energy
storage, which is vital for sustainable human life in the future. The theoretical
background starts with the concept of chemical potential and equilibrium in a
molecular system and solid-state system, especially semiconductor. All chemical
reactions, including the reactions at the interface between an electrolyte and a
semiconductor(and/ormetal)surface,aredrivenbytheextentofnonequilibrium,or
the difference in chemical potential, as described in the text. On such theoretical
basis, a variety of technologies for solar-to-chemical energy conversion are dis-
cussed. Chemical, electrochemical and photoelectrochemical approaches are
describedforconvertingsolarenergyintohydrogenorotherhydrocarbonspeciesas
energy storage media. Photosynthesis is the most sophisticated system of
solar-to-chemical energy conversion developed by nature. Its up-to-date under-
standingandthewaytoimplementitsmechanisminanenergy-efficientmannerare
discussed, including the use of algae for engineered photosynthesis. The
broad-spectrum description in this book will provide a basis for the research and
development of chemical energy storage in the coming decades.
v
Contents
Introduction—Solar to Chemical Energy Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Masamichi Fujihira
Part I Fundamental Background
Thermodynamics for Electrochemistry and Photoelectrochemistry. . . . . 7
Katsushi Fujii
Fundamentals of Semiconductors for Energy Harvesting . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Masakazu Sugiyama
Part II Modeling Interface for Energy Storage: Modeling
of Chemical and Electrochemical Reactions
Fundamentals of Chemical Reaction Kinetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Shinichiro Nakamura
Physical Model for Interfacial Carrier Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Mikiya Fujii, Ryota Jono and Koichi Yamashita
Physical Model at the Electrode-Electrolyte Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Osamu Sugino
Part III Chemical, Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical
Approach for Energy Conversion: Necessity of Energy
Storage Using Chemical Bonds
Energy Storage in Batteries and Fuel Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Tetsuya Kajita and Takashi Itoh
Energy Storage in C–C, H–H and C–H Bond. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Masayuki Otake
vii
viii Contents
Part IV Chemical, Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical
Approach for Energy Conversion: Approach Using
Chemical Reactions
Thermochemical Water Splitting by Concentrated Solar Power. . . . . . . 137
Hiroki Miyaoka
Photocatalytic Approach for CO Fixation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
2
Kazuhiko Maeda
Part V Chemical, Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical
Approach for Energy Conversion: Approach Using
Electrochemical Reactions
Water Splitting Using Electrochemical Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Akira Yamaguchi, Toshihiro Takashima, Kazuhito Hashimoto
and Ryuhei Nakamura
CO Reduction Using Electrochemical Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
2
Yoshio Hori
CO Reduction Using an Electrochemical Approach
2
from Chemical, Biological, and Geological Aspects
in the Ancient and Modern Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Akira Yamaguchi, Yamei Li, Toshihiro Takashima, Kazuhito Hashimoto
and Ryuhei Nakamura
Electrochemical Water Splitting Coupled with Solar Cells. . . . . . . . . . . 229
Katsushi Fujii
Part VI Chemical, Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical
Approach for Energy Conversion: Approach Using
Photoelectrochemical Reactions
Photoelectrochemical Approach for Water Splitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Joel W. Ager
Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Using Photovoltaic Materials. . . . 261
Nicolas Gaillard and Alexander Deangelis
CO Reduction by Photoelectrochemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
2
Takeshi Morikawa
Part VII Chemical, Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical
Approach for Energy Conversion: Approach Using
Photocatalysts
Semiconductor-Based Photocatalytic Water Splitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Fuxiang Zhang and Can Li
Contents ix
Photoelectrochemical Approach Using Photocatalysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Jingying Shi and Can Li
Solar Hydrogen Production on Photocatalysis-Electrolysis Hybrid
System Using Redox Mediator and Porous Oxide Photoelectrodes. . . . . 345
Kazuhiro Sayama
Part VIII Energy Conversion Using Photosynthesis Mechanism:
Learning from Nature
Fundamentals of Photosynthesis for Energy Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Z.-Y. Wang-Otomo
Recent Understanding on the Photosystem of Purple
Photosynthetic Bacteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Z.-Y. Wang-Otomo
Mn Ca Cluster in Photosynthetic Water Oxidation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
4
Junko Yano
Recent Understanding on Photosystem I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Yuichiro Takahashi
Part IX Energy Conversion Using Photosynthesis Mechanism:
Implementing Photosynthesis in Energy Storage Systems
PS-I and PS-II on Electrodes for Energy Generation
and Photo-Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Nao Terasaki
Electronic Device Approach Using Photosynthesis Assembly
of Photosynthetic Protein Complexes for the Development
of Nanobiodevices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Masaharu Kondo, Takehisa Dewa and Mamoru Nango
Solar Energy Storage Using Algae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Midori Kurahashi
Future Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
—
Introduction Solar to Chemical Energy
Conversion
Masamichi Fujihira
First,letmestartthisintroductionbybrieflydescribingthehistoryoftheinvention
of the piston steam engine during the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain.
The Industrial Revolution [1] was a transition to new manufacturing processes
from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included
goingfromhandproductionmethodstomachinesandnewchemicalmanufacturing
and iron production processes. It improved the efficiency of water power, and
promotedtheincreasinguseofsteampowerandthedevelopmentofmachinetools.
For the readers of this book—Solar to Chemical Energy Conversion, the most
important aspect of the Industrial Revolution is without doubt the transition from
“wood and other bio-fuels” to “coal”.
ThefirstsuccessfulpistonsteamenginewasintroducedbyThomasNewcomen
before1712.Hissteamengineswereextremelyinefficientbymodernstandards,but
helped expand coal mining by allowing mines to go deeper. Despite their disad-
vantages,Newcomen engineswerereliable and easyto maintain,and continuedto
be used in coalfields until the early decades of the 19th century.
A fundamental change in working principles was brought about by Scotsman
James Watt. Inclosecollaboration with Englishman Matthew Boulton,by1778,
he had succeeded in perfecting his steam engine, which incorporated a series of
radical improvements (for further details, please refer to Refs. [1, 2]).
In relation to thelong-term and difficult themes which this book deals with,i.e.
SolartoChemicalEnergyConversion,Iwouldliketoemphasizethatalthoughthe
firstinventionbyNewcomentriggeredthestartofthetransition,itwastheWattand
Boulton engines that truly contributed to the Industrial Revolution. Through this
example, I would like to stress that younger generations have a better chance than
theirpredecessorstomakebreakthroughstoreachsuchalong-termachievementas
solar-to-chemicalenergyconversion.ThefactthatweuseWattasthephysicalunit
of power today surely supports this view.
M.Fujihira(&)
DepartmentofBiomolecularEngineering,
TokyoInstituteofTechnology,Tokyo,Japan
e-mail:[email protected]
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016 1
M.Sugiyamaetal.(eds.),SolartoChemicalEnergyConversion,
LectureNotesinEnergy32,DOI10.1007/978-3-319-25400-5_1
