Table Of ContentPergamon Books of Related Interest
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Solar Energy and Conservation (3 Volume Set)
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Space Solar Power Review
SolarEnergy
Conversion
Π
Selected Lectures from the
1980 International Symposium on Solar Energy Utilization
London, Ontario, Canada
August 10-24,1980
edited by
A.F. JANZEN
Photochemical Research Associates, London, Ontario
and
R.K.SWARTMAN
Faculty of Engineering Science,
University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario
PERGAMON PRESS
TORONTO · OXFORD · NEW YORK · SYDNEY · PARIS · FRANKFURT
Pergamon Press Offices
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Road, Willowdale, Ontario, Canada M2J 1P9
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OX3 OBW, England
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Elmsford, New York 10523, U.S.A.
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N.S.W. 2011, Australia
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05, France
Federal Republic of Germany Pergamon Press GmbH, Hammerweg 6, 6242 Kronberg-
Taunus, Federal Republic of Germany
Copyright © 1981 Pergamon Press Canada Ltd.
Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Solar energy conversion II
Selected lectures from the 1980 International Symposium on Solar Energy Utilization
held in London, Ontario, August 10-24,1980.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-08-025388-1
I. Solar energy — Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Janzen, Abram Frederick, 1947 -
II. Swartman, R.K. III. International Symposium on Solar Energy Utilization
(1980: London, Ont.)
TJ810.S64 621.47 C81-094626-2
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without permission in writing from the copyright holders.
In order to make this volume available as economically and as rapidly as possible, the authors' typescripts
have been reproduced in their original forms. This method has its typographical limitations but it is hoped
that they in no way distract the reader.
FREQUENTLY USED CONVERSION CONSTANTS
1 Langley = 1 calorie cm"
= 3.69 Btu ft"2
= 0.0116 kWhm"9
-2
= 0.023885 kJm
lWm" 0.317 Btu h"V2
-1 -2
860 calories h m
1 KWh 3.6 x .O6 J = 3.4 x IO3 Btu
1 calorie cm 0.0116 kWhm
1 Horsepower = 550 ft-lbs s"
-1
= 42.4356 Btu min
1 Joule = 0.239006 calories
= 9.48452 x IO"4 Btu
= 2.7778 x IO*7 kWh
= 6.2422 x IO18 electron Volts
1 gJ = 9.48 x lO^Btu
1 m2 = 10.764 ft2
Solar Constant = 1.939 calorie
= 1353 Wm'2
= 428.9 Btu ft"2h'1
= 4871 kJrrfV1
IX
Units of
?
Insulation = R, h°F ft
Btu
Total Solar Radi
ation Incident ^Λ Λ
on Earth = 5.4 x 10 Joules yr~
Heat Capacity -, -.
of Water = 1.0043 calories-gm -°C , at 4°C
= 4.2048 Joules-gm"1·0^1
Heat Capacity ,
1
of Air = 0.2399 cal-gm -°C
= 1.0047 Joules-gm"1-°C"1
1 Metric Tonne ,
n
of Coal = 2.93 x 10,u Joules
1 Barrel of
q
Petroleum = 6.0 x 10 Joules
1 Standard Cubic
fi
Foot of Gas = 1.05 x 10 Joules
3
1 Standard m
fi
of Gas = 37.05 x 10b Joules
1 Cord of Wood = 2.06 x 1010 Joules
x
PREFACE
The 1980 International Symposium on Solar Energy Utilization was the seventh of a
series of conferences on solar energy, desianed as introductory courses for profes
sional people seekino information in this area. The series has had a very inter
national flavor, beginnino in 1974 in Naples, Italy, and held there the following
year. In 1976 it moved to Alohero, Sardinia, and in 1977 was held in Trieste under
the auspices of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics. In 1978 the Fifth
Course on Solar Energy was held at the University of Waterloo in Canada, and resulted
in the publication of Solar Energy Conversion: an Introductory Course, by Pergamon
Press. In 1979, the First Symposium on Non-Conventional Energy continued the series,
aaain at Trieste. In 1980, the venue moved again to North America and the University
of Western Ontario in London, Canada.
The constant presence of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste
has been significant in this series. The financial contribution as well as the inter
national contacts it offers have been immensely valuable. Of great importance to the
1980 Symposium was the assistance offered by other sponsoring agencies.
The Symposium program was designed to build on previous courses, particularly the
Fifth Solar Energy Course at the University of Waterloo. It was assumed that the
participants had a fundamental knowledge of the various aspects of solar energy
utilization, although there was a review of the fundamentals to ensure everyone had
a common understanding. There was considerable emphasis on the implications of the
broader issues of solar energy utilization - on lifestyles, on influencing govern
ments, on education and commercialization, and so on. The Symposium dealt as much
with the social issues as with the how-to technology.
Without the loyal and continuing support of our efficient staff, the Symposium would
not have been possible. Anita Sherin provided the continuing leadership, and was
assisted by Jane Anderson, Lynn Burgess, Leslie Williams, George Anderson and Dih
Jing Chen. John Ayres and Nick Saidi were immensely helpful in the audio-visual sup
port and in organizing the hands-on workshops.
The largest contribution to the Symposium came from the participants themselves in
the form of lectures, poster sessions, and workshops. The organizing committee
could provide only the forum where curious and creative people could work. It was
tremendously gratifying to witness the creative process in action, with an inter
national group sharing its ideas for the solar future. We feel that the Symposium
was very successful in its purpose of disseminating information on the utilization
of solar energy and on the difficulties we all face in its implementation. We are
very grateful for the dedicated service of all the contributors.
London, Ontario A.F. Janzen
May, 1981 R.K. Swartman
XI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We gratefully acknowledge the assistance to the Symposium
from the following agencies:
Bronfman Foundation
Canadian International Development Agency
Energy Mines and Resources Canada
International Centre for Theoretical Physics
International Development Research Centre
National Research Council of Canada
Ontario Ministry of Energy
Ontario Ministry of Industry and Tourism
The Canadian Commission for UNESCO
The Commonwealth Foundation
The University of Western Ontario
Xll
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
N.A. Mancini, Italy
J. Page, England
A. Salam, Italy
A.A.M. Sayigh, Saudi Arabia
B.O. Seraphin, U.S.A.
NATIONAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Chai rman R.K. Swartman
Vice Chairman A.F. Janzen
A. Bowen
A.E. Dixon
D. MacKenzie
J. Stark
Symposium Manager A. Sherin
Staff Members J. Anderson
L. Burgess
L. Williams
Workshop Organizers J. Ay res
H. Moses
N. Saidi
L. Swallow
Xlll
SPEAKERS
M.N. Bahadori Shiraz University, Solar Energy Centre
Shiraz, Iran
Robert Bertram Ontario Research Foundation
Sheridan Park
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
E. Bilgen Genie mechanique, Ecole Polytechnique
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
James R. Bol ton Department of Chemistry
University of Western Ontario
London, Ontario, Canada
Arthur Bowen School of Engineering and Architecture
University of Miami
Coral Gables, Florida, U.S.A.
Gordon Bragg Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Waterloo
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Eugene Carter Kenneth E. Johnson Environmental and
Energy Centre
University of Alabama
Huntsville, Alabama, U.S.A.
Ray Chan 38 Gretna Green
London, Ontario, Canada
M. Chandrashekar University of Waterloo
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Ted Dixon Department of Physics
University of Waterloo
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
John Duffie Solar Energy Laboratory
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
Bill Fauconnier Confederation College
Box 398, Postal Station F
Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
Terry Hollands Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Waterloo
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Frank Hooper Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Toronto
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
A. Fred Janzen Photochemical Research Associates
45 Meg Drive
London, Ontario, Canada
xiv
Jake Klassen Chief Energy Secretariat
Public Works Canada
Riverside Drive
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Frank Kreith Solar Energy Research Institute
1617 Cole Boulevard
Golden, Colorado, U.S.A.
Tom Lawand Brace Research Institute
MacDonald College of McGill University
Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
Steven Lien Solar Energy Research Institute
Golden, Colorado
U.S.A.
Deborah Lyons Energy, Mines and Resources
580 Booth Street
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
John Page Department of Building Science
University of Sheffield
Sheffield, England
Barry Paton Department of Physics
Dalhousie University
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Allan Quackenbush Confederation College
Box 398, Postal Station F
Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
Ernie Robertson Biomass Institute
870 Cambridge Street
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Diane Saxe Ministry of Energy
56 Wellesley Street West
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Ali Sayigh College of Engineering
Box 800 Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Ted Schrecker NDP Research Office
Parliament Buildings
Government of Ontario
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Bernie Seraphin Optical Sciences Centre
University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A.
Bob Swartman Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Western Ontario
London, Ontario, Canada
xv
