Sol-Gel Technologies for Glass Producers and Users

465 Pages·2004·28.537 MB·English

by  J. Livage (auth.), Michel A. Aegerter, Martin Mennig (eds.)

SOL-GEL TECHNOLOGIES FOR GLASS
PRODUCERS AND USERS
SOL-GEL TECHNOLOGIES FOR GLASS
PRODUCERS AND USERS
Edited by
Michel A. Aegerter
and
Martin Mennig
Leibniz-Institut fuer Neue Materialien gern, GmbH
Saarbrücken, Germany
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication
Sol-gel technologies for glass producers and users I edited by Michel A. Aegerter and
Martin Mennig
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4419-5455-8 ISBN 978-0-387-88953-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-0-387-88953-5
1. Ceramic materials. 2. ColIoids. 1. Aegerter, M.A.
II. Mennig, Martin
TP81O.5.S6682004
666' .1-dc22
2004048345
Copyright ©2004 by Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2004
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover lst edition 2004
AII rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
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Printed on acid-free paper.
CONTENTS
EDITOR'S PREFACE .................................................................................... IX
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS .......................................................................... XI
I WET CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY ............................................................. 1
1.1.1 Basic princip/es also/-gel chemistry ................................................... 3
2. WET CHEMICAL COATJNG TECHNOLOGIES .................................. 15
2.1 GLASS SUBSTRATES ................................................................................... 17
2.1.1 Cleaning glass surfaces ..................................................................... 19
2.2 COATING TECHNIQUES ............................................................................... 35
2.2.1 Dip Coating Technique ...................................................................... 37
2.2.2 Spin coa(ing technique ....................................................................... 49
2.2.3 Capillary umfing technique ............ ................................................ 57
2.2.4 F/at-spray processjhr optical coatings on cold glass ....................... 63
2.2.5 The Pyroso/@process ........................................................................ 69
2.2.6 The aerosol-gel process .................................................................... 77
2.2.7 Efectrophoretic coatings .................................................................... 83
2.2.8 Doctor blade ...................................................................................... 89
2.3 POST-COATING TREATMENT TECHNIQlJES .................................................. 93
2.3. 1 Sintering and patterning using laser irradiation ............................... 95
2.3.2 AMation ()lsol-gel coatings by excimer faser irradiation ................ 10 I
2.4 PATTERNING TECIINIQUES ....................................................................... 107
2.4./ Emhossing. ....................................................................................... / 09
2.4.2 Screen printing. ................................................................................. 1/7
2.4.3 Padprinting ..................................................................................... /23
2.4. 4 Ink~iet printing ................................................................................. 127
2.4.5 F1exographic printing ...................................................................... /3 J
3. BULK GLASS TECHNOLOGIES ........................................................... 137
3.1./ Mono!ithic silica glass cylindersfor optical fiber ........................... /39
3. 1. 2 Grin glasses ..................................................................................... 145
3.1. 3 Porous glasses ................................................................................. 149
3.1.4 Biologicaf gel-glasses ...................................................................... 153
4. COATJNG AND MATERIAL PROPERTJES ........................................ 157
4.1 PASSIVE COATINGS .................................................................................. 159
4. 1. / Colored coatings on glass based on noble metal colloid\' ............... 161
4.1.2 Transparent conducting oxide coatings .................. ....................... 169
4.1.3 Ion conducting coatings. .............. ......................... .. ....... /75
-I. 1. 4 I ~ydroph()hic and oIeophobic coatings ...... . ................. 179
VI
4. 1.5 Hydrophilic coating materials ........................................................ 187
4. I. 6 Interference coatings ....................................................................... 195
4.1.7 Ferroelectric thinfUms .................................................................... 207
4. 1.8 Scratch resistant coatings ................................................................ 2 J7
4.1.9 Coatingsfor high temperature use. .................................................. 223
4. I. 10 Coatingsfor increasing and preserving the bending strength ol
glass .......................................................................................................... 237
4.1.11 Metallic coatings on dielectric substrates ..................................... 243
4.2 ACTIVE COATINGS ................................................................................... 249
4.2.1 Photochro111ic coatings ................................................................... 251
4.2.2 Electrochromic coatings .................................................................. 261
4.2.3 Thermochromic transition-metal oxides .......................................... 2 71
4.2.4 Gasochromic coatings ..................................................................... 277
4.2.5 Photovo!taic coatings ...................................................................... 283
4.2.6 Photocatalytic Ti0 coatings ........................................................... 295
2
4.2.7 Electrooptical coatings .................................................................... 303
4.2.8 Doped sol-gel coatings .................................................................... 307
4.2.9 Optical chemical sensors ................................................................. 313
4.2.10 Thin~film optical waveguides ......................................................... 321
4.2.11 Planar waveguide optical ampli{!ers ............................................. 327
4.2.12 Integrated optical circuitsfabrication ........................................... 333
4.3 GELS, BULK MATERIALS, FIBERS AND POWDERS ...................................... 341
4.3. I Porous materials and membranes ................................................... 343
4.3.2 Aerogelsfor thermal insulation ....................................................... 349
4.3.3 Incorporation oldyes in sol-gel matrices ........................................ 355
4.3.4 Properties olGRIN materials .......................................................... 365
4.3.5 Catalysts .......................................................................................... 369
4.3.6 Heat-resistant{!bers and optical.fibers ........................................... 377
4.3.7 Nanoscaled powdersfor coatings .................................................... 383
4.3.8 Biological applications olsol-gel glasses ........................................ 399
4.3.9 Laser glasses .................................................................................... 403
4.3.10 Nonlinear optical glasses ............................................................... 409
4.4 CI IARACTERIZATION ................................................................................ 415
4.4. I Characterization techniques applied to sol-gel derived coatings
ond products ............................................................................................. 417
5. SUBJECT INDEX ...................................................................................... 439
6. ANNEX ........................................................................................................ 467
I. IMPORTANT INTERNET SITES ..................................................................... 469
2. REGULAR CONrERENCES HOSTING SOL-GEL COMMUNICATIONS ............... 470
3. PROCEEDINGS OF MOST IMPORTANT CONFERENCES AND BOOKS ................ 471
4. WHERE TO riND PUI3L1CATIONS AND REPORTS ........................................... 477
5. MARKETSTIJDIES ...................................................................................... 478
6. Rr:SEARCH GROUPS AND WHO'S WHO IN SOL-GEL SCIENCE AND
TECIINOLOGY ................................................................................................ 479
vii
7. COMPANIES COMMERCIAUZING SOL-GEL RELATED GLASS PRODUCTS AND
SOL-GEL PRODLJCTS USErUL rOR GLASS PRODUCTION AND ORGANIZATIONS
WIIICII orrER DEVELOPMENTS IN SOL-GEL TECHNOLOGY .............................. 480
8. DISTRIßUTORS/MANurAcTuRERS or SOL-GEL RELATED CHEMICAL
PRECLJRSORS .................................................................................................. 486
EDITOR'S PREFACE
The preparation of this Handbook "Sol-Gel Techniques for Glass Producers and
Users" was one of the main tasks of the Te.chnical Committee TC-16 (Sol-Gel)
of the International Commission on Glass (ICG). The contributions have there
fore been at purpose limited to coatings on glass and sol-gel materials wh ich can
be transformed into glass products, and have been written by several former and
present members as weil as by well-known scientists in the field.
As today the research and development expand very fast toward the prepara
tion, characterization and use of nanocomposite materials, some chapters have
also been incorporated on the preparation of powders, hybrid materials and
nanocomposites wh ich we believe will be key materials for the future, especially
to coat glass substrates.
The contributors were required not to write a mere scientific text but better a
contribution giving the readers technological information, descriptions and char
acterizations of prototypes or products already on the market and to discuss the
advantages and disadvantages of the sol-gel process in comparison to other
methods. This is the reason why several reports are originating from scientists
working in industries and development laboratories.
The Handbook is divided in several chapters. The first one entitled "Wet
Chem ical Technology" gives a summary of the basic principles of the sol-gel
chemistry. As the most promising applications are related to coatings, the contri
butions of chapter 2 describe the various "Wet Chemical Coating Technologies"
li'om glass cleaning to many deposition and post-coating treatment techniques as
weil as patterning of coatings through direct 01' indirect techniques that became
very important and for which the sol-gel processing is particularly weil adapted.
Chapter 3 entitled "Bulk Glass Technologies" reports on the preparation of spe
cial glasses for different applications. Chapter 4 entitled "Coating and Materials
Properties" describes the properties of the different coatings and the sol-gel ma
terials. It has been subdivided in passive and active coatings as weil as gels, bulk
materials, tibers and powders. The chapter also includes a section dedicated to
the characterization techniques especially applied to sol-gel coatings and prod
ucts.
The readers will also find in the front matter an alphabetical list of all con
tributors along with their addresses and the titles ofthe articles ofwhich they are
aLlthors 01' co-authors.
Accessibility of material is of vital importance in a handbook. All aliicles
have been linked by extensive references and a subject index (chapter 5). This
has been compiled to assist the reader in locating all references to a particular
topic. Entries may have up to two levels of headings. Where there is substantial
discussion of the topic, the page number appeal' in bold type. Every effort has
been made to make the index as comprehensive as possible and to standardize
the terms used.
The editors found also interesting to give the readers in an annex (chapter 6)
general information on the field such as internet sites, the main conferences hold-
x
ing sol-gel sessions, the available Proceedings, publications, reports, market
studies as weil as the most important groups and companies which either develop
products or distribute or manufacture the chemical precursors.
Finally, the editors would like to thank Mrs. Martina Bonnard for collecting,
processing and formauing all the contributions as weil as all individual authors
for their contributions to this handbook.
Prof. Dr. Michel A. Aegerter Dr. Martin Mennig
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Contributors to the volume are listed in alphabeticalorder together with their
affiliations, the title of the article(s) that they have authored. Where articles are
co-authored, this has been indicated by an asterisk preceding the title.
Aegerter, Michel A. Prof. Dr. Bange, Klaus Dr.
Leibniz-Institut fuer Neue Materialien Schott Spezialglas GmbH
Department of Coating Technology Luminescence Technology
Im Stadtwald, Geb. 43 Hattenbergstraße 10
66123 Saarbruecken / Germany 55104 Mainz / Germany
Phone: [phone] Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone] Fax: [phone]
Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
Ink~iet printing Characterization techniques applied
* Inter/erence coatings to sol-gel derived coatings and
* Nanoscaled powdersfi:Jr coatings products
Sintering and patterning using laser
irradiation Barbe, Christophe Dr.
* Dip coating technique Australian Nuclear Science and
* Transparent conducting oxide Technology Organisation
coatings Materials Division
Private Mail Sag I,
Anschütz, Dieter NSW 2234 Menai / Australia
Leibniz-Institut fuer Neue Materialien Phone: [phone]
Gruppe Physik und Chemie des Glases Fax: [phone]
Im Stadtwald, Geb. 43 Email: [email protected]
66123 Saarbruecken / Germany * Photovoltaic coatings
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone] Bartlett, John Dr.
Email: [email protected] Australian Nuclear Science and
* Coatingsfor increasing and Technology Organisation
preserving the hending strength ol Materials Division
glass Private Mail Sag I,
NSW 2235 Menai / Australia
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Email: [email protected]
* Photovoltaic coatings
xii
Belleville, Philippe F. Dr. Caps, Roland Dr.
Sol-Gel Laboratory va-Q-tec AG
CEA/Le Ripault Karl-Ferdinand-Braun-Str. 7
B.P.16 97080 Wuerzburg / Germany
37260 Monts / Francc Phone: [phone]
Phone: [phone] Fax: [phone]
Fax: [phone] Email: [email protected]
Email: [email protected] * Aerogelsfor thermal insulation
* Capi/lary coating technique
Chabrol, C. Dr.
Berni, Anette Dr. CEA Grenoble
Leibniz-Institut fuer Neue Materialien CEREM
Gruppe Physik und Chemie des Glases 17, rue des Martyrs
Im Stadtwald, Geb. 43 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9/ France
66123 Saarbruecken / Germany Email: [email protected]
Phone: [phone] The PyrosolCI'.) process
Fax: [phone]
Email: [email protected] Coudray, Paul
* Doctor blade Universite de Montpellier II
Laboratoire des Verres
Birch, William Dr. Place E. Bataillon
Corning SA 34095 Montpellier / France
Fontainebleau Research Center Phone:[phone]
7 bis, Avenue de Valvins Fax: [phone]
77210 A von / France Email: [email protected]
Phone: [phone] * /ntegrated optical circuits
Fax: [phone] fabrication
Email: [email protected]
Cleaning glass surlaces Cronin, John Dr.
ENKI Technologies
Birnie, 111, Dunbar Prof.Dr. 4541 East Fort Lowell Road
University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85112-1108 USA
Department of Materials Science and Phone: [phone]
Engineering Fax: + 1-520-321-0030
I-Iarshbarger ßuilding, Rm. 304B Email:
85721-0012 Tucson, Arizona / USA [email protected]
Phone: + 1-520-621-6780 Electrochromic coatings
Fax: + 1-520-621-8059
Email: [email protected]
Spin coating technique