Sol-Gel Processing for Conventional and Alternative Energy

408 Pages·2012·6.83 MB·English

Advances in Sol-Gel Derived Materials
and Technologies
Series Editors
Michel Andre Aegerter
Michel Prassas
For furthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/8776
The International Sol-Gel Society (ISGS)
DearReaders,
TheInternationalSol-GelSocietyisproudtocontinueitslong-lastingcollaborationwithSpringerto
offerthisnewseriesofbooksonsol-gelscience.Theyareintendedtoinformnovicesandexpertsonthe
latest advanceson the followingtopics: aerogels,sol-gel characterization,hybrids, nano-composites,
sol-gelcoatingsforenergyapplications,andmembranes.
Thesebookshavebeenwrittenbyworld-classscientistswhobelieveinthepivotalroleplayedbytheISGS
inthedevelopmentofthesol-gelsciencecommunity.Sinceitscreationin2003,theISGShastremen-
douslyevolvedinitsinfrastructurebuthaskeptthesamemissions:educate,communicateandcoordinate.
ThefirstmissionoftheISGSistoeducatescientistsandtechnologists,frombothacademiaandindustry,
throughtopicalworkshopsandsummerschools.ThebiannualISGSsummerschoolhasbecomethe
referencefornewPh.D.studentsbyprovidingcomprehensiveandpracticalteaching.Itisalsoaunique
opportunityforthemtostartnetworkinginarelaxedatmospherewithmoreadvancedresearchers.
ThesecondmissionoftheISGSistofosterthecommunicationbetweenresearchersfromdifferentfields
andgeographicalregionsthroughtheorganizationofconferencesandthepublicationandcirculationof
technical papers. The biannual International Sol-Gel Conference attracts more than 400 researchers
comingfrommorethan40differentcountries.ThenewISGSwebsite(www.isgs.org)isdesignedto
provideamoreinteractivestructurewherememberscanparticipateinthelifeoftheISGS.Inthatregard,
ourquarterlynewsletterencouragespeopletocontributebysharingtheirpersonalstoriesandopinions.
ThethirdmissionoftheISGSistocoordinatethepromotionofsol-gelscienceandtechnologyinthe
scientificandindustrialcommunities.TheofficialJournaloftheISGS,(TheJournalofSol-GelScience
andTechnology)ranks3rdinthecategoryofMaterialsScienceandCeramics,witha2010ImpactFactorof
1.525.TheinvolvementofmoreindustrialresearchersinthefunctioningoftheISGShasbecomeatop
priorityfortheboard.
Finally,theISGShonorsitscommitmentacrossthedifferentmissionsbyprovidingtravelscholarshipto
students,andbysponsoringsol-gelrelatedworkshops,schoolsandlocalconferences.
Thesuccessofthissocietyhasbeenbuiltontheforwardthinkingofthepastpresidentsandboards.They
havecreatedthenecessaryinfrastructureforaninternationalsocietyandtheyhaveshownasustainable
pathforward.Today,ournovelmissionwithyouistoestablishastrongersenseofglobalcommunityinsol-
gelscience.
Iwishyouaveryeducativeandpleasantreading.
GeraudDubois
PresidentoftheInternationalSol-GelSociety
Mario Aparicio Andrei Jitianu
•
Lisa C. Klein
Editors
Sol-Gel Processing for
Conventional and Alternative
Energy
123
Mario Aparicio LisaC. Klein
Instituteof Ceramics and Glass RutgersUniversity
Campus ofCantoblanco Piscataway, NJ
28049Madrid USA
Spain
Andrei Jitianu
Department of Chemistry
CityUniversity ofNew York-Lehman
College
250BedfordPark BoulevardWest
Bronx, NY10468
USA
ISBN 978-1-4614-1956-3 e-ISBN978-1-4614-1957-0
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1957-0
SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012930130
(cid:2)SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork2012
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Dedicated to Charo, Mihaela, and Tim
for their patience and understanding

Preface
Energy is on everyone’smind these days becauseofthe expandingneed for elec-
tricity, lighting, heating, cooling, and transportation fuels. Finding more efficient
ways to produce energy is a global priority. In addition, the production of energy
needstobesustainableandclean.Atthecoreoftheenergyinfrastructureistheneed
formaterialsforenergyconversion,energystorage,andenergydistribution.
Thefocusofthisbookisonwaystosynthesize,assemble,andmodifymaterials
that find use in systems designed for energy conversion and energy storage. The
sol-gelprocesshasbeenusedforavarietyofsystemsthatservetheenergymarket.
The singularadvantage of the sol-gel process is its being alow-temperatureroute
to simple and complex oxide materials. Low-temperature processing allows the
combination of organic and inorganic materials, such as hybrid membranes and
ionconductors.Anotheradvantageofthesol-gelprocessisthatitbeginsinliquid
form, so that it is easily adapted to coatings and surface treatments, such as
electrochromic windows and multilayer thin film stacks. Furthermore, the sol-gel
process leads to high surface area materials and porous materials, meaning it has
applications in catalysis, environmental remediation, and carbon dioxide
sequestration.
Through the lens of sol-gel processing, this book is about the selection and
preparation of materials for batteries, fuel cells, photovoltaics, thermoelectrics,
energy harvesting ferroelectrics, and supercapacitors. The properties of these
materialsareexploredindetail.Theirapplicationsandperformancearedescribed
andevaluated.Theinterestedreadercangainasenseofthestateoftheartand,at
the same time, the need for further improvement.
Since new solutions are needed to solve the problem of increasing energy
consumption,itwouldbringtheco-editorsgreatsatisfactionifthisbookmotivates
someorallofitsreaderstodoubletheireffortstowardfindingnewwaystousethe
sol-gel process to address materials, needs. The co-editors wish to thank Mike
Luby of Springer for his encouragement to take on this project. Merry Stuber is
thankedforhereditorialassistance.Thisprojectwouldnothavecometogetherifit
werenotfortheoutstandingresponsefromthechapterauthorsandtheirwonderful
vii
viii Preface
contributions. Also, the co-editors appreciate the chance to work together on this
project, which has led to further opportunities for research collaborations.
On behalf of my co-editors, Mario Aparicio and Andrei Jitianu,
Lisa C. Klein
Contents
1 Conventional Energy Sources and Alternative Energy Sources
and the Role of Sol-Gel Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Lisa C. Klein
2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Chendong Zuo, Mingfei Liu and Meilin Liu
3 Inorganic-Based Proton Exchange Membranes
for H /O Fuel Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2 2
Masayuki Nogami and Lakshminarayana Gandham
4 Sol-Gel Routes and Proton Conductors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Philippe Colomban
5 Proton Exchange Membranes for H Fuel Cell Applications . . . . 73
2
Kenneth A. Mauritz, Amol Nalawade and Mohammad K. Hassan
6 Hybrid Materials for High Ionic Conductivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Jadra Mosa and Mario Aparicio
7 Giant Dielectric Constant Materials and Their Applications. . . . . 123
Marcelo O. Orlandi, Miguel A. Ramirez, Cesar R. Foschini,
Anderson A. Felix and José A. Varela
8 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Mateja Hocˇevar, Marko Berginc, Urša Opara Krašovec and
Marko Topicˇ
9 Sol-Gel Materials for Carbon Mineral Sequestration. . . . . . . . . . 177
V. Morales-Flórez, L. Esquivias and A. Santos
ix