Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis, Second Edition

1263 Pages·2007·9.19 MB·English

by  E.G. Gregorich

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E.G.Gregorich/SoilSamplingandMethodsofAnalysis 3586_C000 FinalProof page i 27.6.2007 1:53pm CompositorName:JGanesan
Soil Sampling and
Methods of Analysis
Second Edition
E.G.Gregorich/SoilSamplingandMethodsofAnalysis 3586_C000 FinalProof page ii 27.6.2007 1:53pm CompositorName:JGanesan
In physical science the first essential step in the direction of learning any subject is to find
principles of numerical reckoning and practicable methods for measuring some quality
connected with it. I often say that when you can measure what you are speaking about,
and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot measure it,
when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meagre and unsatisfactory
kind; it may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely in your thoughts
advanced tothe state ofscience, whateverthe matter may be.
LordKelvin,PopularLectures and Addresses(1891–1894),
vol.1, Electrical Units of Measurement
Felix quipotuit rerum cognoscere causas.
Happy the man who has been able to learn the causesofthings.
Virgil: Georgics(II, 490)
E.G.Gregorich/SoilSamplingandMethodsofAnalysis 3586_C000 FinalProof page iii 27.6.2007 1:53pm CompositorName:JGanesan
Soil Sampling and
Methods of Analysis
Second Edition
Edited by
M.R. Carter
E.G. Gregorich
Canadian Society of Soil Science
E.G.Gregorich/SoilSamplingandMethodsofAnalysis 3586_C000 FinalProof page iv 27.6.2007 1:53pm CompositorName:JGanesan
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Soil sampling and methods of analysis / edited by M.R. Carter and E.G. Gregorich. -- 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8493-3586-0 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-8493-3586-8 (alk. paper)
1. Soils--Analysis. 2. Soils--Sampling. I. Carter, Martin R. II. Gregorich, E. G. III. Title.
S593.S7425 2007
631.4’1--dc22 2006102606
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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and the CRC Press Web site at
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E.G.Gregorich/SoilSamplingandMethodsofAnalysis 3586_C000 FinalProof page v 27.6.2007 1:53pm CompositorName:JGanesan
PREFACE
Thisvolumeisanupdateofthebook,SoilSamplingandMethodsofAnalysis,firstpublished
in1993.Theaimsofthissecondeditionremainthesameasthoseoftheearlieredition—to
provide a compilation of soil analytical and sampling methods that are commonly used,
straightforward,and relativelyeasy touse. The materials and procedures for these methods
are presented with sufficient detail and information, along with key references, to charac-
terizethe potential and limitation ofeach method.
As methods develop, so do their degree of sophistication. Taking these developments into
account,thesecondeditionincludesseveralchaptersthatserveas‘‘primers,’’thepurposeof
which istodescribetheoverallprinciplesandconcepts behindaparticular typeortypesof
measurement, rather than just methods alone.
All of the chapters retained from the earlier edition have been modified and updated. The
second edition also introduces new chapters, particularly in the areas of biological and
physical analyses, and soil sampling and handling. For example, the ‘‘Soil Biological
Analyses’’ section contains new chapters to reflect the growing number and assortment of
new microbiological techniques and the burgeoning interest in soil ecology. New chapters
are offered describing tools that characterize the dynamics and chemistry of soil organic
matter. A new section devoted to soil water presents up-to-date field- and laboratory-based
methods thatcharacterize saturated andunsaturated soil hydraulicproperties.
This second edition of Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis comprises 7 sections and a
totalof85chaptersand2appendiceswrittenby140authorsandco-authors.Eachsectionis
assembled by two section editors and each chapter reviewed by at least two external
reviewers. We are grateful to these people for their diligent work in polishing and refining
thetextandhelpingtobringthisnewvolumetofruition.WeparticularlythankElaineNobbs
for her supportin workingwith the many authorsinvolved inwriting thisbook.
WeofferthisneweditionofSoilSamplingandMethodsofAnalysisinthebeliefthatitwill
continue asa useful tool for researchers and practitioners workingwith soil.
M.R. Carter and E.G.Gregorich
Editors
E.G.Gregorich/SoilSamplingandMethodsofAnalysis 3586_C000 FinalProof page vi 27.6.2007 1:53pm CompositorName:JGanesan
CANADIAN SOCIETY OF SOIL SCIENCE
The Canadian Society of Soil Science is a nongovernmental, nonprofit organization for
scientists, engineers, technologists, administrators, students, and others interested in soil
science. Its three mainobjectives are
. To promote thewiseuse ofsoil for the benefit ofsociety
. To facilitate the exchange of information and technology among people and
organizationsinvolved insoil science
. To promote researchandpractical applicationof findings insoil science
The society produces the international scientific publication, the Canadian Journal of Soil
Science, and each year hosts an international soil science conference. It sponsored the first
editionofSoilSamplingandMethodsofAnalysis(LewisPublishers,CRCPress,1993)and
alsopromotedthepublicationofthepopularreferencebookSoilandEnvironmentalScience
Dictionary (CRC Press, 2001). The society publishes a newsletter to share information and
ideas, andmaintains active liaison and partnershipswithother soilscience societies.
FormoreinformationabouttheCanadianSocietyofSoilScience,pleasevisitwww.csss.ca.
E.G.Gregorich/SoilSamplingandMethodsofAnalysis 3586_C000 FinalProof page vii 27.6.2007 1:53pm CompositorName:JGanesan
EDITORS
M.R.CarterholdsdegreesinagricultureandsoilsciencefromtheUniversityofAlbertaand
obtainedaPhDinsoilsciencefromtheUniversityofSaskatchewanin1983.Since1977,he
has held agricultural research positions with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC)
and is currently a research scientist at the AAFC Research Center, Charlottetown, Prince
Edward Island. Dr. Carter is a fellow and past-president of the Canadian Society of Soil
Science,andpasteditoroftheCanadianJournalofSoilScience.Heeditedthefirstedition
ofSoilSamplingandMethodsofAnalysis,(CRCPress,1993)andalsoeditedConservation
TillageinTemperateAgroecosystems(CRCPress,1994)andStructureandOrganicMatter
Storage in Agricultural Soils (CRC Press, 1996). In collaboration with Dr. Gregorich, he
edited Soil Quality for Crop Production and EcosystemHealth (Elsevier, 1997) and Soil &
EnvironmentalScienceDictionary(CRCPress,2001).Dr.Carterpresentlyservesaseditor-
in-chieffor the international scientific journal Agriculture Ecosystems &Environment.
E.G.GregorichisaresearchscientistwithAgricultureandAgri-FoodCanadaattheCentral
Experimental Farm in Ottawa, Canada. His work focuses on soil biochemistry, particularly
carbonandnitrogencyclinginsoil.Heisafellowandpast-presidentoftheCanadianSociety
of Soil Science, and has served the Soil Science Society of America as chair of the soil
biology and biochemistry division. Dr. Gregorich has been a member of the International
Panel on Climate Change, has conducted field studies in Scotland, New Zealand, and
Antarctica, and directs a Canadian international development project in Vietnam. He has
servedasassociateeditorfortheJournalofEnvironmentalQuality;Agriculture,Ecosystems
& Environment; European Journal of Soil Science; and the Canadian Journal of Soil
Science. This isthe thirdbook on which he and Dr. Carter have collaborated as editors.
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CONTRIBUTORS
D.Acosta-Mercado B.C. Ball
Departmentof Biology Scottish AgriculturalCollege
Universityof Puerto Rico Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
Mayaguez, PuertoRico
M.H. Beare
J.A. Addison
New ZealandInstitute for Cropand Food
School of Sustainability andEnvironment
Research
Royal Roads University
Christchurch, New Zealand
Victoria,British Columbia,Canada
E.G. Beauchamp
S.M. Adl
Department ofLand ResourceScience
Departmentof Biology
University ofGuelph
Dalhousie University
Guelph,Ontario,Canada
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
D.W.Anderson V.M. Behan-Pelletier
Departmentof Soil Science Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Universityof Saskatchewan Ottawa, Ontario,Canada
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
N. Be´langer
Denis A.Angers Department ofSoil Science
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada University ofSaskatchewan
Quebec, Quebec, Canada Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
H.Antoun
Normand Bertrand
DepartmentofSoilsandAgrifoodEngineering
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Laval University
Quebec, Quebec, Canada
Quebec, Quebec, Canada
J.M. Arocena R.P. Beyaert
College ofScience and Management Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Universityof Northern British Columbia London, Ontario, Canada
Prince George, British Columbia, Canada
H. Bolton,Jr.
V.L. Bailey Biological Sciences Division
Biological Sciences Division Pacific NorthwestNational Laboratory
PacificNorthwest National Laboratory Richland,Washington, United States
Richland, Washington, United States
Jeff Braidek
G.H. Baker
Saskatchewan Agriculture andFood
Entomology
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
ResearchOrganization
E. Bremer
Glen Osmond,SouthAustralia, Australia
Symbio AgConsulting
Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
J.A. Baldock
Land and Water
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial J.A. Brierley
ResearchOrganization Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Glen Osmond,SouthAustralia, Australia Edmonton, Alberta, Canada