Soil Dynamics and Foundation Modeling: Offshore and Earthquake Engineering

741 Pages·2018·27.218 MB·English

by  Junbo Jia (auth.)

Junbo Jia
Soil Dynamics
and Foundation
Modeling
Offshore and Earthquake Engineering
Soil Dynamics and Foundation Modeling
Junbo Jia
Soil Dynamics
and Foundation Modeling
Offshore and Earthquake Engineering
123
JunboJia
Aker Solutions
Bergen
Norway
ISBN978-3-319-40357-1 ISBN978-3-319-40358-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40358-8
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017956333
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To my beloved Danning and Jing, who make
life a gift.
Preface
Offshore and land-based structures represent large capital investments. They are
designed to withstand various types of environmental loads such as earthquakes,
winds, ocean waves, tidal currents, and ice, and other loads due to explosions,
machineryvibrations,droppedobjects,andotherfactors.Manyofthemessentially
induce dynamic and cyclic loading transferred into foundations. Therefore,
understanding soil dynamics and foundation modeling is essential to ensure foun-
dation and structural integrity and operational functionality. However, in spite of
increased engineering knowledge, practical problems regarding foundation mod-
eling and soil dynamics are in many cases handled unsuccessfully despite large
expenditures. Moreover, even if engineers can perform sophisticated
computer-based analysis tasks, many of them lack an actual understanding of the
essential principles of soil dynamics and foundation modeling, and hence of the
links between theory and applications. This leads to an insurmountable barrier
when they are asked to validate/verify and provide insightful explanations of
analysis results, or to further improve designs, which poses a significant safety
hazard and can also result in significant economic loss.
Withtheobjectiveofprovidingpracticalknowledgeoffoundationmodelingand
dynamic analysis, which is essential for both offshore and earthquake engineering,
the book covers a wide range topics in this area, such as soil behavior, soil
dynamics, seismic site-response analysis, soil–structure interactions, liquefactions,
andmodelingandassessmentofshallowanddeepfoundations,consideringvarious
levels of detail and associated engineering challenges. Differences in soil and
foundation modeling and response due to earthquake and ocean wave loading are
alsodiscussed.Tofacilitatetheunderstandingandutilizationofknowledgeforeach
topic, general theory and principles are linked to their engineering applications.
Moreover, recent developments in offshore foundation engineering such as anchor
piles, suction piles, large-diameter piles, soil aging effects, and scours are also
discussed. Special focus is placed on their engineering applications utilizing
state-of-the-art knowledge.
vii
viii Preface
Althoughoffshoregeotechnicalprinciplesareverysimilartothoseofland-based
structures, for offshore geotechnical engineering applications, soil conditions are
oftenmoredifficulttomeasureandhavelargeruncertainties,siteinvestigationsare
moreexpensive,andstructuralloadsareusuallymoresignificant.Further,thefocus
of offshore geotechnical design is often placed on capacity control, while founda-
tion stiffness remains important for the dynamic response of soil–foundation–
structure systems.
Chapter 1 presents the basics of soil mechanics and behaviors, methods for
testing soil strength, and their implications in geotechnical designs. Chapter 2
introduces the characteristics and modeling of soil properties under cyclic and
dynamic loading, focused on treating soil nonlinearities. Chapters 3 and 4 present
detailsofsite-responseanalysiswithafocusonhowtheresponseamplificationand
de-amplification of soil media are accounted for, and how to apply seismic exci-
tations in a site-response analysis. Chapter 5 describes soil–structure interactions
and analysis, which estimate the collective response of the entire soil–foundation–
structuresystemtospecifiedgroundmotionsbyaccountingforeffectsofkinematic
interaction (normally by site-response analysis), soil–foundation flexibility (foun-
dation impedance), and inertia interaction (seismic structural analysis) and which
canbeperformedbyeitherdirectorsubstructureapproaches.Chapter6introduces
various seismic testing methods including field testing, laboratory element testing,
and model testing. Chapter 7 presents the causes and evaluation of soil liquefac-
tions, followedby presentations ofslope stabilitydue toseismicloadingpresented
in Chap. 8. Chapter 9 provides a general overview of offshore structures and their
commonanddistinguishingfeaturescomparedtothoseofland-basedstructuresand
also presents the hydrodynamic modeling to determine the ocean environmental
loading in a seismic analysis. Chapters 10 and 11 present the theoretical back-
ground of seismic response spectrum and power spectrum and how earthquake
loading is determined from a seismic hazard point of view. Chapters 12 and 13
present the bearing capacity assessment and modeling for shallow foundations.
Chapters 14–26 discuss various aspects of pile foundations, such as pile capacity
assessment, pile–soil interactions, large-diameter piles, pile group, grout connec-
tions, torsional behaviorsof piles, scour, seismicassessmentof piles, anchor piles,
and suction piles. In Chap. 27, design issues for shallow and deep foundations,
relevantinternationaldesigncodes,andhierarchyofcodesandstandardsarebriefly
discussed.
The book is intended to serve as an introduction to the subject and also as a
reference book with advanced topics. A balance between the theoretical and
practical aspects is sought. All the chapters are addressed to practitioners who are
looking for answers to their daily engineering problems, and to students and
researcherswhoarelookingforlinksbetweentheoreticalandpracticalaspects,and
between phenomena and analytical explanations. It should also be of use to other
science and engineering professionals and students with an interest in this subject.
Thebookiswritteninsuchawaythatitcanbefollowedbyanyonewithabasic
knowledge of engineering dynamics and soil mechanics.
Preface ix
While the book does not seek to promote any specific “school of thought,” it
inevitably reflects this author’s “best practice” and “working habits.” This is par-
ticularly apparent in the topics selected and the level of detail devoted to each
of them, their sequences, the choices of mathematical treatments and symbolic
notations,etc.Theauthorhopesthatthisdoesnotdeterreadersfromseekingtofind
their own “best practice.”
Mostofthechaptersinthisbookcanbecoveredinatwo-dayindustrycoursein
a brief manner, a one-week intensive course for either industry or academia, or a
one-semester course in an elaborated form for graduate students.
Inpreparingsuchatext,itisratherdifficulttoacknowledgeallthehelpgivento
the author. First, I am indebted to geotechnical, earthquake, and offshore engi-
neeringcommunitieswhohaveundertakentheextensiveresearchanddevelopment
that has led to accumulated knowledge, methods, and engineering applications in
this field, on which this book is based. I would also like to thank individuals for
assistance of various kinds, such as participation in book reviews, technical dis-
cussions, and research cooperation. These include (in alphabetical order) the fol-
lowing: Atilla Ansal (European Association for Earthquake Engineering), Kuvvet
Atakan (University of Bergen), Gunnar Bremer (Aker Solutions), Ove Tobias
Gudmestad (University of Stavanger), Yingcai Han (Fluor Canada), Nils-Christian
Hellevig (Aker Solutions), Viggo Karlsen (Statoil), Amir M. Kaynia (Norwegian
GeotechnicalInstitute),StevenL.Kramer(UniversityofWashington),BMLehane
(The University of Western Australia), Conrad Lindholm (NORSAR), Lance
Manuel (University of Texas at Austin), Peter Middendorp (Allnamics
Geotechnical & Pile Testing Experts), George Mylonakis (University of Bristol),
Laurens de Neef (CAPE Holland), Giuliano F. Panza (University of Trieste and
China Earthquake Administration), John Michael Rotter (University of Edinburgh
and Imperial College), Richard Snell (Oxford University), Douglas Stock (Digital
Structures, Inc. Berkeley), Gary Torosian (GeoTesting Express, Inc.), and RJS
Whitehouse (HR Wallingford). Furthermore, I would like to thank Norwegian
Geotechnical Institute, Statoil, DongEnergy, BP, and DNV-GL for their coopera-
tion on relevant engineering projects. Moreover, there are numerous others not
named to whom I extend my sincere thanks.
This book has an extensive list of references reflecting both the historical and
recent developments of the subject. I would like to thank all the authors in the
references for their contribution to the area.
Mostimportantly,IdedicatethisbooktomyparentsShufengandWangeng,my
wifeJing,anddaughterDanning;Iconcludethisprefacewithanexpressionofdeep
gratitude to them.
Bergen, Norway Junbo Jia
About this Book
This book presents a comprehensive topical overview of soil dynamics and foun-
dation modeling in offshore and earthquake engineering. The spectrum of topics
covered includes, but is not limited to, soil behavior, offshore and land-based
structures,soildynamics,seismictesting,site-responseanalysis,representationand
determination of seismic ground motions, seismic hazard assessment, soil lique-
factions, slope stability, offshore environmental loads, earthquake loads, modeling
and assessmentof shallow and deep foundations, soil–foundation interactions, and
relevant design codes and recommended practices, design methods. The author
provides the reader with both theory and practical applications and links the
methodological approaches with engineering applications. The book also contains
recent developments in offshore foundation engineering such as large-diameter
piles,anchorpiles,suctionpiles,soilagingeffects,andscourestimation.Thetarget
audience primarily comprises research experts and practitioners in the field of
offshore, geotechnical, and earthquake engineering, but the book is also beneficial
for graduate students.
xi
Contents
Part I Soil Behavior and Dynamics
1 Soil Behavior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Soil Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Saturation, Water Table, Drainage, and Capillary Effect . . . . . 5
1.3.1 Saturation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.2 Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.3 Water Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.4 Capillary Effect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4 Effective Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5 Mohr’s Circle for Describing Stress Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.6 Soil Failure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.6.1 Shear Failure for Cohesionless Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.6.2 Shear Failure for Cohesive Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.7 Total Stress Analysis Versus Effective Stress Analysis . . . . . . 21
1.8 Clay Soil Consistency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.9 Testing Methods to Measure Shear Strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.9.1 Laboratory and Field Test Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.9.2 Direct Shear Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.9.3 Triaxial Shear Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.9.4 Vane Shear Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.9.5 Standard Penetration Test (SPT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.9.6 Cone Penetration Test (CPT). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.9.7 Other in Situ Testing Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.10 Soil Stiffness and Poisson’s Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.11 Consolidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.11.1 Introduction to Consolidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.11.2 Effects of Consolidation on Soil Stiffness. . . . . . . . . 47
1.11.3 Effects of Consolidation for Shallow Foundations. . . 48
xiii