Software Re-use, Utrecht 1989: Proceedings of the Software Re-use Workshop, 23–24 November 1989, Utrecht, The Netherlands

157 Pages·1991·3.07 MB·English

by  Liesbeth M. Dusink PhD, Patrick A. V. Hall PhD (auth.), Patrick A. V. Hall PhD (eds.)

WORKSHOPS IN COMPUTING
Series edited by C. J. van Rijsbergen
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Liesbeth Dusink and Patrick Hall (Eds.)
Software Re-use,
Utrecht 1989
Proceedings of the Software Re-use
Workshop,
23-24 November 1989,
Utrecht, The Netherlands
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Uesbeth M. Dusink, PhD
Delft University of Te chnology
PO Box 356
2600 AJ Delft
The Netherlands
Patrick A. V. Hali, PhD
Department of Computer Science
Brunel University
Uxbridge
Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
ISBN 978-3-540-19652-5
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Software Re-use
Software re-usa, Utrecht 1989.
1. Word processing. Use of microcomputers. Software
1. Title II. Dusink, Liesbeth 1957- III. Hali, Patrick A. V. IV. British Computer
Society V. Series
652.55369
ISBN 978-3-540-19652-5
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Software Re-use Workshop (1989: Utrecht, Netherlands)
Software re-usa, Utrecht 1989: Proceedings of the Software Re-use
Workshop. 23-24 November 1989. Utrecht, The Netherlandsl Liesbeth Dusink
and Patrick Hali, eds.
p. cm. - (Workshops in computing)
Published in collaboration with the British Computer Society.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-3-540-19652-5 ISBN 978-1-4471-3536-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-3536-4
1. Computer software-Reusability-Congresses. 1. Dusink, Liesbeth, 1957-
II. Hali, Patrick A.V. III. British Computer Society. IV. Title. V. Series.
QA76.76.R47S661991 91-10595
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Preface
In November 1989 we organised a workshop on software re-use,
inviting members of the leading research teams across Europe. In
retrospect, we realise that we missed a few research teams out, but
nevertheless we did have a very fruitful workshop. This book is the
outcome of that meeting.
Prior to the workshop, teams submitted short position papers, and
at the workshop made very short presentations of these. Most of the
time was spent in four parallel sessions, and the reports of these
sessions are given in Chapter 2. After the workshop we invited the
attendees to revise and resubmit their papers in the light of the
workshop, and it is these updated papers that appear in Chapter 4
onwards. The papers are in alphabetical order of first author.
To complete this text we have added an introduction to software
re-use as a first chapter- this was prepared by Liesbeth Dusink. We
have added a comprehensive bibliography as Chapter 3, merging the
bibliographies accumulated at Delft and at Brunei.
To be able to organise the workshop we were sponsored by SERC,
the Software Engineering Research Centre in Utrecht, Netherlands.
November 1990 Liesbeth Dusink
Pat Hall
Contents
Ust of Contributors . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . . . .. .. . .. .. . . . .. . . . .. . xi
1 Introduction to re-use . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. .. . . 1
1.1 THE TRANSFORMATIONAL APPROACH ................ 2
1.2 THE COMPOSITIONAL APPROACH ..... ... .. .. . .... ..... .. 3
1.3 QUESTIONS ABOUT RE-USE ..... .. . .. .......... .... ... .. ..... 3
1. 3.1 Acquisition of Components . .. .. .. . .. . . . .. .. .. . .. .. . . 3
1.3.2 Storage/Retrieval of Components . .... ... .. ...... 4
1.3.3 Usage of Components . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . . .. .. . .. .. .. . . 5
1 .3.4 Metrics . .. .. .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . . .. .. . 5
2 Workshop Overview and Conclusions . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . . . .. . 7
2.1 GENERAL VIEW OF SOFTWARE RE-USE ............... 7
2.2 DOMAIN ANALYSIS ................................................. 9
2.3 DESIGN FOR RE-USE .............................................. 10
2.3.1 Design for Re-use: Is It Different? ................. 10
2.3.2 Design for Re-use: for What Kind of Re-use? 12
2.3.3 Facets of Design for Re-use ......................... 13
2.4 REVERSE ENGINEERING ........................................ 14
2.5 DEVELOPMENT WITH RE-USE ............................... 17
3 Re-use Bibliography .......................................................... 21
4 REDO at Oxford . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . 39
4.1 THE ABSTRACT REPRESENTATION OF CODE ...... 40
4.2 THE METHOD ... .. .. . ..... ................ .. . .. .. ........ .. .. . .. .. .. . .. 41
4.2.1 Mathematical Expression of Types ............... 41
4.2.2 The Expression of Commands ..................... 41
4.3 EXAMPLES ... .. .. . ....... ..... .. .. . .. .... ............. .. ..... ..... .. .. . .. 44
4.3.1 Finding Prime Numbers ........ .. .. . ...... ... .. ... .. ... 44
4.3.2 Fibonacci Function ....................................... 45
4.4 OTHER APPROACHES . .............. .. .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .. . .. ..... 46
4.5 CONCLUSION .......................................................... 48
References . .. . .. . .. .. . . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 49
5 Sharing for Quality . .. .. .. . .. . . .. .. . . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . . . .. .. . 51
viii Contents
5.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................... 51
5.2 SHARING AS A MEANS TO AVOID DUPUCATION . 51
5.3 TECHNIQUES TO PROMOTE SHARING ................. 52
5.3.1 Implementation Level .................................... 52
5.3.2 Language Level .......... .................................. 52
5.4 THE HUMAN FACTOR IN SHARING ........................ 53
5.5 IDENTIFYING AREAS OF RE-USE ........................... 54
5.6 DESIGN FOR RE-USE .............................................. 54
5.7 ADAPTATION OF INTERFACES ............................... 55
References . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. ..... .. . .. .. 56
6 The MERUN Approach to the Re-use of Software
Components ..................................................................... 57
6.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................... 57
6.2 THE ACTIVITIES OF THE SOFTWARE PROCESS ... 58
6.2.1 Development ................................................ 58
6.2.2 Certification .................................................. 65
6.2.3 Classification ................................................ 65
6.2.4 Retrieval .................................. ... .... ............... 66
6.2.5 Modification .................................................. 68
6.2.6 Integration ..................................................... 69
6.3 CONCLUSIONS ....................................................... 69
6.4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................... 70
References . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . . . .. .. . . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. ... .. .. 71
7 Re-usability and Software Prototyping . .. ..... .. .. . .. .. ... .. .. . .. .. . 77
7.1 OVERVIEW ............................................................... 77
7.2 APPROACHES TO PROTOTYPING ..... ... .............. ... 77
7.3 RE-USABIUTY AND PROTOTYPING ....................... 79
7.4 SETL AS A LANGUAGE FOR IMPLEMENTING
PROTOTYPES ............ ................. .. . ..... ..................... 80
7.5 TRANSFORMATIONS FOR SETL ............................. 81
7 .5.1 Finite Differencing: the RAPTS-System . ....... 81
7 .5.2 From SETL to Ada ..................................... ... 83
7.6 RE-USABIUTY IN PRACTICE: THE HILDESHEIM
LIBRARIES ......................... .... ........................... ....... 83
7. 7 FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS ................. ........ ........... 83
7.7.1 Tools for SETL .............................................. 83
7.7.2 The Tangram-System ................................... 84
References . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. ... .. .. . ....... .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . . .. 85
8 A Design Method to Make Re-use Happen . .. .. .. . .. .. . . . .. .. . .. 87
8.1 INTRODUCTION .................... ......... ..... ............... ...... 87
8.2 FRAMEWORK .......................................................... 88
8.3 REQUIREMENTS ................................................ ...... 88
8.3.1 Framework Requirements . .. .. .. . . .... .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . 89
8.3.2 Requirements for a Development Method ... . 90
8.3.3 Re-use Criteria .............................................. 91
8.3.4 Project Requirements . .. .. .. . .. ... .. ..... .. .. . .. .. ... .. . 92
8.3.5 Restated Problem . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .... .. . .. .. . .. .. 92
Contents ix
8.4 A DEVELOPMENT METHOD ................................. 92
8.4.1 Domain Analysis ............ ............ ............ .... 93
8.4.2 Requirements ............ ............ ............ ...... .. 93
8.4.3 Architectural Design ............ ............ .......... 93
8.4.4 Detailed Design ............ ............ ........... ..... 94
8.4.5 Implementation and Testing ...................... 94
8.5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK ................... 94
References ... .... . .... . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. ... .. .. . .. ... .. .. .. . .. 96
9 PRACTITIONER: Pragmatic Support for the Re-use of
Concepts in Existing Software .......... .............. ............ .... 97
9.1 INTRODUCTION AND RATIONALE ....................... 97
9.1.1 Cost of Software Production ..................... 97
9.1.2 Quality of Software Produced ................... 98
9 .1.3 Cost of Re-use ........ .... .............. ...... .. .. ...... 98
9.1.4 The Practitioner Approach to Re-use ........ 98
9.2 RE-USE METHODOLOGY .................................... 99
9.2.1 The Concept ........................ ..................... 99
9.2.2 The Questionnaire ..................................... 99
9.2.3 A Metamodel ............................................. 100
9.2.4 Program Unguistics ................................... 101
9.3 EXISTING SOFTWARE DOMAINS ANALYSED ..... 102
9.4 TOOL SUPPORT- THE PRESS ........................... 104
9.4.1 The PRESS Prototype .......... ..................... 104
9.4.2 Prototype Evaluation ................................. 105
9.4.3 Further Development of the Prototype ...... 105
9.5 CONCLUSION ....................................................... 106
Acknowledgements . .. .. .. . .... . .. .. .. . .. .. . .... .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . . .. . .. .. .. . 10 6
References . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. ... ... .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. 10 7
10 The Abuse of Re-use: Why Cognitive Aspects of Software
Re-usability are Important ............ ............ ............ ........... 10 9
10.1 INTRODUCTION ............ ............ ............ ............ .... 10 9
10.2 COGNITIVE ASPECTS OF RE-USE ...................... 109
10.3 SPECIFICATION-LEVEL RE-USE .......................... 110
10.4 A COGNITIVE MODEL OF SPECIFICATION
RE-USE ................................................................. 110
References . .. .. .. . .. .. . ...... . .... . .. .. .. . .... ... .. .. . .. .. ... .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. 113
11 Design-Aspects Supporting Software Re-use ................ 115
11.1 DESIGN FOR RE-USE- GENERIC DESIGNS ....... 115
11.1.1 Generic Designs ........................................ 115
11.1.2 Steps in Object -Oriented Design ............ ... 116
11.2 NORMALISATION CRITERIA FOR SOFTWARE .... 117
11.3 SUMMARY ............................................................ 118
References ... .. ..... .. . .. .. ... .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. ... .. .. . .. .. . . . .. .. . .... . . . .. .. . 119
12 Structures for Supporting Software Re-use ............ ........ 121
12.1 THE SOFTWARE ARCHIVE ................................... 121
12.1.1 Basic Considerations ................................ 121
X Contents
12.1.2 The Structure of the Software Archive 122
12.1.3 Searching in the Software Archive ........... 125
12 .1.4 The Archive Manager Prototype ...... .. .. .. .. . 125
12.2 THESOFlWAREBASE ....................................... 126
12.2.1 Basic Considerations ............ ................... 126
12.2.2 Principles of Software Bases ................... 127
12.2.3 Software Base Management System ....... 127
12.3 SUMMARY ............ ............ ....................... ........... 128
References . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . . 130
13 Perspectives of Software Re-usability ........ ................ .... 131
13.1 AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH ................ 131
13.2 USABLE COMPONENTS ARE HARD TO FIND ... 133
13.3 PERSPECTIVES .................... .......................... ..... 134
References . .. .. .. . .. .. . . . .. . . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . . . 135
14 Using Formal Transformations to Construct a
Component Repository .............. .... .. .. .. .............. .... .. .. .. .. . 137
14.1 INTRODUCTION .......... .............. .......... ................ 137
14.1.1 Current Re-use Technology ..................... 137
14.1.2 Traditional Development Methods ............ 138
14.2 THE SOFlWARE REPOSITORY .......................... 139
14.3 THEORETICAL FOUNDATION ............................. 139
14.3.1 Weakest Preconditions ............................ 140
14.3.2 The Atomic Specification .......... ................ 141
14.3.3 The Join Construct ...................... .......... ... 141
14.4 WHY INVENT ANOTHER NEW LANGUAGE? ...... 142
14.5 COMPONENTS .................................................... 143
14.6 COMPONENT LINKS ........................................... 143
14.7 AN EXAMPLE .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. ........................ .... ... 143
14.8 ADDING EXISTING CODE .................................... 146
14.9 PROBLEMS AND BENEFITS ............................... 146
14.9.1 Problems .................................................. 146
14.9.2 Benefits .................................................... 147
14.10 CONCLUSION ............ ............ ...................... ....... 149
References . .. . . . . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . . . .. .. . . . 149
Author Index ... .... . .. ..... .. .. . .............. ... .... ..... .. ... .. ................... ... . 151
List of Contributors
Cornelia Boldyreff
Department of Computer Science, Brunei University, Uxbridge,
Middlesex UB8 3PH, U.K.
tel. [phone] x 2399
P.T. Breuer
Programming Research Group, Oxford University,
8-11 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3QD, U.K.
tel. [phone]
e-mail: .. !uunet!mcvax!ukc!ox -prg!ptb
C. Bron
University of Groningen, Faculteit der Wiskunde en
Natuurwetenschappen, Wiskunde en Informatica, Landleven 5,
postbus 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
[phone]
Joachim Cramer
Software Technology Center, Helenenbergweg 19,
D-4600 Dortmund 50, Germany
E.J. Dijkstra
University of Groningen, Faculteit der Wiskunde en
Natuurwetenschappen, Wiskunde en Informatica, Landleven 5,
postbus 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
[phone]
Ernst -Erich Doberkat
lnformatik/Software Engineering, Department of Mathematics,
University of Essen, SchOtzenbahn 70, D-4300 Essen 1, Germany
uucp: .. ./mcvax/unido/unieinf/eed
E.M. Dusink
Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 356, 2600 AJ Delft,
The Netherlands
e-mail: