Table Of ContentSoftware Patterns,
Knowledge Maps, and
Domain Analysis
Mohamed E. Fayad • Huascar A. Sanchez
Srikanth G.K. Hegde • Anshu Basia • Ashka Vakil
CRC Press
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Dedication
To the land of the Delta—Egypt, and the land of Dreams—The
United States of America, and the love of science and humanity
that they share . . . Pouring out a flood of knowledge for centuries
and centuries between the Nile and the Mississippi . . . Between the
millstones of my heart, Egypt and the United States of America . . .
Mohamed E. Fayad
To my wife, Claudia, and my two beautiful daughters, Isabella and Camilla.
Huascar A. Sanchez
To my wife, Kumuda.
Srikanth G. K. Hegde
To my family, for their encouragement and support.
Ashka Vakil
Contents
Preface .............................................................................................................................xvii
Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................xxi
Authors ...........................................................................................................................xxiii
Section i introduction
Chapter 1 An Overview of Knowledge Maps ..................................................................5
1.1 Introduction: Key Concepts—Software Stable Models,
Knowledge Maps, Pattern Language, Goals, Capabilities
(Enduring Business Themes + Business Objects) ...............................5
1.2 The Motivation ....................................................................................6
1.3 The Problem ........................................................................................7
1.4 The Objectives .....................................................................................7
1.5 Overview of Software Stability Concepts ............................................8
1.6 Overview of Knowledge Maps ............................................................8
1.7 Pattern Languages versus Knowledge Maps: A Brief Comparison .....9
1.8 The Solution .......................................................................................11
1.9 Knowledge Maps Methodology or Concurrent Software
Development Model ...........................................................................11
1.10 Why Knowledge Maps? .....................................................................14
1.10.1 Research Methodology Undertaken .....................................14
1.10.2 Research Verification and Validation ...................................15
1.10.3 The Stratification of This Book ............................................15
Summary .......................................................................................................16
Open Research Issues ....................................................................................16
Review Questions ..........................................................................................19
Exercises ........................................................................................................20
Projects ..........................................................................................................20
Chapter 2 Abstraction: Knowledge Maps, Stability, and Patterns .................................29
2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................29
2.2 Levels of Abstraction in Knowledge Maps ........................................30
2.3 Mapping Elements in Knowledge Maps to Software Stability
Concepts and Patterns ........................................................................31
2.4 The Software Stability Model ............................................................32
2.4.1 Goals .....................................................................................33
2.4.2 Capabilities ...........................................................................34
2.4.3 Knowledge Maps: Formation and Stable Architectural
Patterns .................................................................................35
v
vi Contents
2.4.4 Development Scenarios ...........................................................36
2.4.5 Deployment and Verification and Validation ...........................38
Summary .......................................................................................................39
Open Research Issues ....................................................................................39
Review Questions ..........................................................................................40
Exercises ........................................................................................................41
Projects ..........................................................................................................41
Section ii Goals of the Knowledge Maps
Chapter 3 The Goals: Significance and Identification ....................................................49
3.1 Introduction .........................................................................................49
3.2 Significance of Goals ...........................................................................50
3.2.1 An Example: A Simple E-Commerce Application ..................52
3.3 Dealing with Goals: Extraction and Assessment .................................53
3.4 Extracting the Goals of a Discipline: The Process ..............................55
3.4.1 Dealing with Subgoals .............................................................57
3.5 Goals of Knowledge Maps ..................................................................58
3.5.1 Goal 1: Learning......................................................................58
3.5.2 Goal 2: Discovery ....................................................................60
3.5.3 Goal 3: Knowledge ..................................................................60
3.6 Subgoals ...............................................................................................62
3.6.1 Use an Analogy: Marriage or Friendship ................................62
Summary .......................................................................................................63
Open Research Issues ....................................................................................63
Review Questions .........................................................................................64
Exercises ........................................................................................................65
Projects ..........................................................................................................67
Chapter 4 Discovery Stable Analysis Pattern ................................................................73
4.1 Introduction .........................................................................................73
4.2 Discovery Stable Analysis Pattern .......................................................74
4.2.1 Pattern Name: Discovery Stable Analysis Pattern ...................74
4.2.2 Known As ................................................................................74
4.2.3 Context .....................................................................................75
4.2.4 Problem ....................................................................................75
4.2.4.1 Functional Requirements ...........................................76
4.2.4.2 Nonfunctional Requirements .....................................78
4.2.5 Challenges and Constraints .....................................................78
4.2.5.1 Challenges .................................................................79
4.2.5.2 Constraints.................................................................79
4.2.6 Solution ....................................................................................80
4.2.6.1 CRC Cards.................................................................83
4.2.7 Consequences ..........................................................................86
Contents vii
4.2.8 Applicability ............................................................................86
4.2.8.1 Case Study 1: Discovery of a New Vitamin K ..........86
4.2.9 Related Patterns and Measurability .........................................90
4.2.9.1 Related Pattern ........................................................90
4.2.9.2 Measurability ...........................................................91
4.2.10 Modeling Issues, Criteria, and Constraints .............................92
4.2.10.1 Modeling Heuristics ................................................92
4.2.11 Design and Implementation Issues ..........................................92
4.2.11.1 Delegation versus Inheritance .................................93
4.2.11.2 Model Implemented with Delegation ......................93
4.2.12 Testability ................................................................................94
4.2.13 Formalization Using Object Constraint
Language, Z++ or Object Z, and/or Extended
Backus– Naur Form .................................................................95
4.2.14 Business Issues ........................................................................97
4.2.14.1 Business Rules .........................................................97
4.2.14.2 Business Integration ................................................98
4.2.14.3 Business Enduring Themes .....................................98
4.2.15 Known Usages .........................................................................98
4.2.16 Tips and Heuristics ..................................................................99
Summary .......................................................................................................99
Open Research Issues ..................................................................................100
Review Questions ........................................................................................101
Exercises ......................................................................................................103
Projects ........................................................................................................105
Chapter 5 The Knowledge Stable Analysis Pattern .....................................................109
5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................109
5.2 Pattern Documentation ......................................................................110
5.2.1 Pattern Name: Knowledge Stable Analysis Pattern ...............110
5.2.2 Known As ..............................................................................110
5.2.3 Context ...................................................................................111
5.2.4 Problem ..................................................................................111
5.2.4.1 Functional Requirements .......................................111
5.2.4.2 Nonfunctional Requirements .................................113
5.2.5 Challenges and Constraints ...................................................113
5.2.6 Solution: Pattern Structure and Participants ..........................114
5.2.6.1 Structure ................................................................114
5.2.6.2 Participants ............................................................115
5.2.6.3 CRC Cards.............................................................115
5.2.7 Applicability with Illustrated Examples ................................120
5.2.7.1 Scenario 1—Autonomic Computing Context ........120
5.2.7.2 Scenario 2—CRM System ....................................123
5.2.8 Related Patterns and Measurability .......................................127
5.2.8.1 Measurability .........................................................127
5.2.9 Known Usages .......................................................................128
viii Contents
Summary .....................................................................................................128
Open Research Issues ..................................................................................129
Review Questions ........................................................................................129
Exercise .......................................................................................................130
Projects ........................................................................................................130
Section iii Knowledge Map capabilities
Chapter 6 Capabilities: The Heart of Business ............................................................135
6.1 Introduction .......................................................................................135
6.1.1 The Heart of the Business .....................................................135
6.1.2 Work Flow Metaphor—Workhorses ......................................137
6.1.3 Dealing with Capabilities: Identification and Assessment ....137
6.1.3.1 The Impact of BO on Creating Multiple
Applications: Generality ..........................................139
6.1.3.2 BO = Stable Design Patterns ...................................139
6.1.3.3 Essential Properties of BO ......................................139
6.1.4 A Goal with No Capability ....................................................139
6.1.5 A Capability with No Goal ....................................................140
6.1.6 Identification Process of Capabilities: An Example ..............141
6.2 Capabilities of Knowledge Maps .......................................................144
6.2.1 Capability 1 ...........................................................................144
6.2.2 Capability 2 ...........................................................................145
6.2.3 Capability 3 ...........................................................................146
6.2.4 Capability 4 ...........................................................................147
Summary .....................................................................................................148
Open Research Issues ..................................................................................149
Review Questions ........................................................................................149
Exercises ......................................................................................................150
Projects ........................................................................................................152
Chapter 7 AnyMap Stable Design Pattern ...................................................................157
7.1 Introduction .......................................................................................157
7.2 Pattern Documentation ......................................................................160
7.2.1 Pattern Name: AnyMap Stable Design Pattern......................160
7.2.2 Known As ..............................................................................160
7.2.3 Context ...................................................................................161
7.2.4 Problem ..................................................................................162
7.2.4.1 Functional Requirements .........................................162
7.2.4.2 Nonfunctional Requirements ...................................168
7.2.5 Challenges and Constraints ...................................................169
7.2.5.1 Challenges ...............................................................169
7.2.5.2 Constraints...............................................................170
Contents ix
7.2.6 Solution Structure and Participants .......................................171
7.2.6.1 Structures ...............................................................171
7.2.6.2 Participants ............................................................171
7.2.6.3 CRC Cards .............................................................172
7.2.7 Consequences ........................................................................178
7.2.8 Applicability with Illustrated Examples ................................178
7.2.8.1 Case Study 1: Navigation—Google Road Map
for Planning Driving Routes ..................................178
7.2.8.2 Case Study 2: Mathematical Mapping ...................182
7.2.9 Related Patterns and Measurability .......................................188
7.2.9.1 Traditional Model versus SSM ..............................188
7.2.9.2 Measurability .........................................................190
7.2.10 Modeling Issues, Criteria, and Constraints ...........................191
7.2.10.1 Abstraction ............................................................191
7.2.11 Design and Implementation Issues ........................................193
7.2.12 Formalization ........................................................................194
7.2.13 Testability ..............................................................................202
7.2.14 Business Issues ......................................................................203
7.2.15 Known Usage ........................................................................205
7.2.16 Tips and Heuristics ...............................................................206
Summary .....................................................................................................207
Open Research Issues ..................................................................................207
Review Questions ........................................................................................207
Exercises .....................................................................................................209
Research and Development ...............................................................210
Indexing and Dictionary Search ........................................................210
Site Map Development ......................................................................211
Projects ........................................................................................................211
Chapter 8 AnyContext Stable Design Pattern ..............................................................215
8.1 Introduction .......................................................................................215
8.2 Pattern Documentation ......................................................................216
8.2.1 Pattern Name: AnyContext Stable Design Pattern ................216
8.2.2 Known As ..............................................................................216
8.2.3 Context ...................................................................................217
8.2.4 Problem ..................................................................................217
8.2.5 Challenges and Constraints ...................................................218
8.2.5.1 Challenges .............................................................218
8.2.5.2 Constraints .............................................................218
8.2.6 Solution: Pattern Structure and Participants ..........................218
8.2.6.1 CRC Cards .............................................................220
8.2.6.2 Consequences ........................................................221
8.2.6.3 Applicability with Illustrated Examples ................221
Summary .....................................................................................................226
Open Research Issues ..................................................................................226
x Contents
Review Questions ........................................................................................226
Exercises ......................................................................................................227
Projects ........................................................................................................227
Section iV Knowledge Maps, Development, and Deployment
Chapter 9 Knowledge Maps: System of Patterns .......................................................231
9.1 Introduction ....................................................................................231
9.2 Representation of Knowledge Maps: Structure, Quality
Factors, and Properties ...................................................................232
9.2.1 Structure of the Knowledge Maps....................................233
9.2.1.1 The Notation Used in Knowledge
Map Structures ..........................................233
9.2.1.2 Knowledge Map Template ...............................234
9.2.1.3 Structure of Knowledge Maps
and Its Relationship with UML .......................236
9.2.1.4 Quality Factors in Knowledge Maps ...............239
9.2.1.5 Properties of Knowledge Maps ......................240
9.3 Knowledge Maps versus Traditional Pattern Languages ...............247
9.4 Samples of SArchPs .......................................................................248
9.4.1 Architecture 1 ..................................................................248
9.4.2 Architecture 2 ..................................................................250
Summary....................................................................................................251
Open Research Issues ................................................................................251
Review Questions .......................................................................................253
Exercises ....................................................................................................255
Projects ......................................................................................................255
Chapter 10 Development Scenarios: Setting the Stage ................................................263
10.1 Introduction ....................................................................................263
10.2 Implementation Issues of the Knowledge Maps ............................264
10.2.1 Type versus Class within TOP ........................................264
10.2.2 Design Type Specification Template ................................266
10.2.2.1 Design Type Specification Template 1: EBT .....267
10.2.2.2 Design Type Specification Template 2: BO .....267
10.2.3 The Uses of Contracts in the Specification
of Design Types ................................................................267
10.2.4 The Hook Specification Template ....................................268
10.2.5 Specification of the User Model or Storyteller .................268
10.2.5.1 Packages Overview .........................................269
10.2.6 Components .....................................................................271
10.3 Aspect-Oriented Modeling .............................................................272
10.3.1 Aspects as Core Design Features in a System .................273
10.3.2 Difference between the Aspect-Oriented Design
Approach and SSM ..........................................................274
