Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems II: International Seminar, Dagstuhl Castle, Germany, October 24-29, 2010 Revised Selected and Invited Papers

402 Pages·2013·11.04 MB·English

by  Rogério de Lemos

Lecture Notes in Computer Science 7475
CommencedPublicationin1973
FoundingandFormerSeriesEditors:
GerhardGoos,JurisHartmanis,andJanvanLeeuwen
EditorialBoard
DavidHutchison
LancasterUniversity,UK
TakeoKanade
CarnegieMellonUniversity,Pittsburgh,PA,USA
JosefKittler
UniversityofSurrey,Guildford,UK
JonM.Kleinberg
CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY,USA
AlfredKobsa
UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,CA,USA
FriedemannMattern
ETHZurich,Switzerland
JohnC.Mitchell
StanfordUniversity,CA,USA
MoniNaor
WeizmannInstituteofScience,Rehovot,Israel
OscarNierstrasz
UniversityofBern,Switzerland
C.PanduRangan
IndianInstituteofTechnology,Madras,India
BernhardSteffen
TUDortmundUniversity,Germany
MadhuSudan
MicrosoftResearch,Cambridge,MA,USA
DemetriTerzopoulos
UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,CA,USA
DougTygar
UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,USA
GerhardWeikum
MaxPlanckInstituteforInformatics,Saarbruecken,Germany
Rogério de Lemos Holger Giese
Hausi A. Müller Mary Shaw (Eds.)
Software Engineering
for Self-Adaptive Systems II
International Seminar
Dagstuhl Castle, Germany, October 24-29, 2010
Revised Selected and Invited Papers
1 3
VolumeEditors
RogériodeLemos
UniversityofKent,SchoolofComputing
Canterbury,KentCT27NF,UK
and
CentreforInformaticsandSystems
oftheUniversityofCoimbra(CISUC)
3030-290Coimbra,Portugal
E-mail:[email protected]
HolgerGiese
UniversityofPotsdam
HassoPlattnerInstituteforSoftwareSystemsEngineering
Postfach900460,14440Potsdam,Germany
E-mail:[email protected]
HausiA.Müller
UniversityofVictoria,DepartmentofComputerScience
STNCSC,Victoria,BC,V8W3P6,Canada
E-mail:[email protected]
MaryShaw
CarnegieMellonUniversity,SchoolofComputerScience
5000ForbesAvenue,Pittsburgh,PA15213-3891,USA
E-mail:[email protected]
ISSN0302-9743 e-ISSN1611-3349
ISBN978-3-642-35812-8 e-ISBN978-3-642-35813-5
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-35813-5
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012954418
CRSubjectClassification(1998):D.2,D.3,F.1.1,I.2.2
LNCSSublibrary:SL2–ProgrammingandSoftwareEngineering
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Preface
Thecomplexityofcurrentsoftware-basedsystemshasledthesoftwareengineer-
ing community to look for inspiration in diversely related fields (e.g., robotics
and control theory) as well as other areas (e.g., biology) to find innovative
approaches for building, running, and managing software systems and services.
Therefore, self-adaptation—systems that are able to adjust their behavior or
structure at run-time in response to their perception of the environment and
the system itself – has become a hot topic within the software engineering
community.
ThisbookisoneoftheoutcomesofDagstuhlSeminar10431on“SoftwareEn-
gineeringforSelf-AdaptiveSystems”heldinOctober2010.Itisthesecondbook
in the series andcomprisesa researchroadmap,four workinggrouppapers,and
invitedpapersfromrecognizedexpertsinthefield.The researchroadmap,com-
plemented by four group papers that detail the issues covered by the roadmap,
summarizes the Dagstuhl Seminar discussions and provides insights into key
features of self-adaptive software systems. All the papers in this book are peer-
reviewed,withtheexceptionoftheroadmappaper,whichwaswritteninseveral
iterations over the past two years by the participants of this Dagstuhl Seminar.
The bookconsistsoffourparts:“ResearchRoadmap,”“RequirementsandPoli-
cies,” “Design Issues,” and “Applications.”
Part one of the book, which is entitled “Research Roadmap,” includes the
roadmap paper “Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems: A Second
research Roadmap” that indentifies selected software engineering research chal-
lenges for self-adaptive systems, and the four working group papers that elab-
orate the four self-adaptation perspectives presented in the roadmap paper.
Instead of dealing with a wide range of topics associated with the field, this
roadmap paper focuses on four fundamental topics of self-adaptation: design
space of adaptive solutions, towards software engineering processes for self-
adaptive systems, from centralized to decentralized control, and practical run-
time verification and validation for self-adaptive systems.
The second paper in the first part of this book by Brun, Desmarais, Geihs,
Litoiu, Lopes, Shaw, and Smit, entitled “A Design Space for Self-Adaptive Sys-
tems,” discusses the importance of systematic design, identifies the dimensions
of the self-adaptive system design space, and identifies key design decisions,
questions, and possible answers relevant to the design space, which are orga-
nized into five clusters: observation, representation, control, identification, and
enacting adaptation.
The third paper entitled “Software Engineering Processes for Self-Adaptive
Systems,”authoredbyAndersson,Baresi,Bencomo,deLemos,Gorla,Inverardi,
and Vogel, argues that traditional software engineering processes need to be re-
conceptualizedtodistinguishbetweendevelopment-timeandrun-timeactivities,
VI Preface
and to support designers in taking decisions on how to engineer such systems
properly.Thepaperalsoidentifiesanumberofchallengesonre-conceptualization
and proposes initial ideas based on process modeling.
The fourth paper “On Patterns for Decentralized Control in Self-Adaptive
Systems,” authored by Weyns, Schmerl, Grassi, Malek, Mirandola, Prehofer,
Wuttke, Andersson, Giese, and G¨oschka, aims to consolidate knowledge on de-
centralizedcontrolinself-adaptivesystemsintheformofpatternsofinteracting
MAPE loops to describe the different types of control in self-adaptive systems.
The fifth paper in the first part of this book by Tamura, Villegas, Mu¨ller,
Sousa, Becker, Karsai, Mankovskii, Pezz`e, Scha¨fer, Tahvildari, and Wong, en-
titled “Towards Practical Runtime Verification and Validation of Self-Adaptive
SoftwareSystem,”analyzesfundamentalchallengesandconcernsinthedevelop-
mentofverificationandvalidation(V&V)methods andtechniquesthatprovide
certifiable trust in self-adaptive and self-managing systems and presents a pro-
posalfor including V&V operationsexplicitly infeedback loopsfor ensuringthe
achievement of software self-adaptation goals.
Parttwoofthisbook,entitled“RequirementsandPolicies,”consistsofthree
papersdescribingapproachesinwhichrequirementsandpoliciesassumeacentral
role in the development, deployment, and operation of self-adaptive software
systems.
The first paper by Souza, Lapouchnian, Robinson, and Mylopoulos, entitled
“Awareness Requirements for Adaptive Systems,” discusses awareness require-
ments, which are characterizedsyntactically as requirements that refer to other
requirements or domain assumptions and their success or failure at run-time. It
presents how awareness requirements are monitored, and provides a discussion
on how to go from awareness requirements to self-adaptive systems. The pro-
posed approach has been evaluated by analyzing, designing, and developing a
simulation of a real-worldsystem—an ambulance dispatch system.
The second paper, entitled “Self-Management of Distributed Systems Us-
ing High-Level Goal Policies,” by Rosa, Rodrigues, and Lopes describes an ap-
proach to automate the selection of the adaptations that should be performed
in response to changes in the execution environment. The approach identifies
key aspects to describe goals, specify adaptations, and select adaptations when
addressing distributed components, and discusses how to perform the system
monitoring and execution of the adaptations in a distributed setting.
The last paper of this part by Ghezzi and Sharifloo, entitled “Dealing
withNon-FunctionalRequirementsforAdaptiveSystems viaDynamicSoftware
Product-Lines,” presents an approach for ensuring continuous satisfaction of
non-functional requirements using self-adaptation. To achieve this, the authors
propose that the implementation should be architected as a dynamic software
productline(DSPL),whosetargetconfigurationscanbegenerateddynamically.
They also discuss how the DSPL can be verified againstnon-functional require-
ments at development-time through model checking.
Preface VII
Part three of the book covers “Design Issues” and includes three papers on
design perspectives in self-adaptive software systems.
ThefirstpaperbyEsfahaniandMalek,entitled“UncertaintyinSelf-Adaptive
Software Systems,” characterizes the sources of uncertainty in a self-adaptive
software system and demonstrates its impact on the system’s ability to satisfy
its objectives.It alsoprovidesanalternativenotionof optimality that explicitly
incorporatestheuncertaintyunderlyingtheknowledge(models)usedfordecision
making.
Thesecondpaper,entitled“ASoftwareLifeCycleProcesstoSupportConsis-
tentEvolutions,”byInverardiandMoridefinesagenericmodel-centricsoftware
life cycle process for context-awareself-adaptive systems. The proposed process
supports concrete mechanisms to achieve consistent evolution at development-
time and run-time through static and dynamic decision-making procedures.
Thethirdpaperondesignissues,entitled“DYNAMICO:AReferenceModel
for Governing ControlObjectives and Context Relevance in Self-Adaptive Soft-
ware Systems,” by Villegas, Tamura, Mu¨ller, Duchien, and Casallas,introduces
areferencemodelforengineeringhighlydynamicadaptivesoftwaresystemsthat
helpsguaranteethecoherenceofadaptationmechanismswithrespecttochanges
inadaptationgoals,andmonitoringmechanismswithrespecttochangesinboth
adaptation goals and adaptation mechanisms.
Part four of the book contains four papers covering a wide range of “Appli-
cations.”
The first paper in this part by Dubey, Karsai, and Mahadevan, entitled
“Fault-AdaptivityinHardReal-TimeComponent-BasedSoftwareSystems,”de-
velopsanapproachandmodel-basedsupporttoolstoimplementsoftwarehealth
management functions for component-basedsystems, where developers can cre-
atemodelsofthesystemanditscomponents,aswellasspecifyhowfaultmitiga-
tionwilltakeplace.Thefoundationofthe architectureisareal-timecomponent
framework that defines a component model for the ARINC-653 system.
Sousa’s paper, entitled “Towards User Tailoring of Self-adaptation in Ubiq-
uitous Computing,” argues that domain experts and end users will play an
increasinglyimportant role in designing ubiquitous computing systems. He pro-
poses language constructs for users to express and tailor the following kinds
of self-adaptation: design meshing—dynamic adaptation to requirements inde-
pendently put forthby multiple users,pliable applications—structuralmodes of
operationinresponsetocontextorotherevents,andadecentralized,lightweight
protocol for self-healing.
The third paper, entitled “Hierarchical Self-Optimization of SaaS Applica-
tions in Clouds,” by Simmons, Ghanbari, Liaskos, Litoiu, and Iszlai, defines a
framework to manage a software as a service (SaaS) application on top of a
platformasaservice(PaaS)infrastructure.This frameworkutilizes PaaSpolicy
sets to implement the SaaS provider’s elasticity policy for its application server
tier. Adaptation is based on strategy-trees to allow for systematic capture, rep-
resentation, and reasoning about adaptation variability.
VIII Preface
The final paper of this part, entitled “Self-Adaptivity from Different Ap-
plication Perspectives: Requirements, Realizations, Reflections,” by Geihs is a
reflection on the design space of self-adaptive systems and a critique of a re-
cently published framework for evaluating self-adaptive software systems. This
evaluation is performed by elaborating on synergies and discrepancies in the
development of three case studies.
Althoughtheself-adaptabilityofsystemshasbeenstudiedinawiderangeof
disciplines, from biology to robotics, only recently has the software engineering
community recognized its key role in enabling the development of self-adaptive
systems that are able to adapt to internal faults, changing requirements, and
evolving environments. Continuing the course of the first book of the series on
Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems the collection of papers in this
second volume addresses the state of the art of the field, describes a wide range
of approaches coming from different strands of software engineering, and posits
future challenges facing this field ofresearch.We hope that this book will prove
valuable for both practitionersand researchersinvolvedin the developmentand
deployment of self-adaptive software systems.
Wewouldliketothankalltheauthorsofthebookchaptersfortheirexcellent
contributions,the participantsofthe DagstuhlSeminar10431on“SoftwareEn-
gineering for Self-Adaptive Systems” for their inspiring participation in moving
this fieldforward,andAlfredHofmannandhis teamatSpringerforbelieving in
thisimportantprojectandhelpingustopublishthisbook.Lastbutnotleast,we
deeplyappreciatethegreateffortsofthefollowingexpertreviewerswhohelpedus
ensurethatthecontributionsareofhighquality:R.Abreu,J.Andersson,L.Baresi,
N.Bencomo,Y.Brun,R.Casallas,L.Duchien,F.Eliassen,G.Engels,J.Georgas,
V.Grassi,S.Guinea,S.Hallsteinsen,P.Inverardi,S.Jiang,G.Karsai,S.Liaskos,
M. Litoiu, A. Lopes, S. Malek, R. Mirandola, J. Mylopoulos, O. Nierstrasz,
C. Prehofer, W. Robinson, L. Rodrigues, R. Rouvoy, M. Salehie, B. Schmerl,
B.Simons,D. Smith, J.P.Sousa,L.Tahvildari,M.Tichy,D. Weyns,J.Wuttke,
andseveralanonymousreviewers.
June 2012 Rog´erio de Lemos
Holger Giese
Hausi A. Mu¨ller
Mary Shaw
Table of Contents
Part I: Research Roadmap
Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems: A Second Research
Roadmap ....................................................... 1
Rog´erio de Lemos, Holger Giese, Hausi A. Mu¨ller,
Mary Shaw, Jesper Andersson, Marin Litoiu, Bradley Schmerl,
Gabriel Tamura, Norha M. Villegas, Thomas Vogel, Danny Weyns,
Luciano Baresi, Basil Becker, Nelly Bencomo,
Yuriy Brun, Bojan Cukic, Ron Desmarais,
Schahram Dustdar, Gregor Engels, Kurt Geihs,
Karl M. Go¨schka, Alessandra Gorla, Vincenzo Grassi,
Paola Inverardi, Gabor Karsai, Jeff Kramer,
Ant´onia Lopes, Jeff Magee, Sam Malek, Serge Mankovskii,
Raffaela Mirandola, John Mylopoulos, Oscar Nierstrasz,
Mauro Pezz`e, Christian Prehofer, Wilhelm Scha¨fer,
Rick Schlichting, Dennis B. Smith, Joa˜o Pedro Sousa,
Ladan Tahvildari, Kenny Wong, and Jochen Wuttke
A Design Space for Self-Adaptive Systems........................... 33
Yuriy Brun, Ron Desmarais, Kurt Geihs, Marin Litoiu,
Ant´onia Lopes, Mary Shaw, and Michael Smit
Software Engineering Processes for Self-Adaptive Systems............. 51
Jesper Andersson, Luciano Baresi, Nelly Bencomo,
Rog´erio de Lemos, Alessandra Gorla, Paola Inverardi, and
Thomas Vogel
On Patterns for Decentralized Control in Self-Adaptive Systems ....... 76
Danny Weyns, Bradley Schmerl, Vincenzo Grassi, Sam Malek,
Raffaela Mirandola, Christian Prehofer, Jochen Wuttke,
Jesper Andersson, Holger Giese, and Karl M. Go¨schka
TowardsPracticalRuntime VerificationandValidationofSelf-Adaptive
Software Systems ................................................ 108
Gabriel Tamura, Norha M. Villegas, Hausi A. Mu¨ller,
Jo˜ao Pedro Sousa, Basil Becker, Gabor Karsai, Serge Mankovskii,
Mauro Pezz`e, Wilhelm Scha¨fer, Ladan Tahvildari, and Kenny Wong
X Table of Contents
Part II: Requirements and Policies
Awareness Requirements.......................................... 133
V´ıtor E. Silva Souza, Alexei Lapouchnian,
William N. Robinson, and John Mylopoulos
Self-management of Distributed Systems Using High-Level Goal
Policies ......................................................... 162
Liliana Rosa, Lu´ıs Rodrigues, and Ant´onia Lopes
Dealing with Non-Functional Requirements for Adaptive Systems via
Dynamic Software Product-Lines................................... 191
Carlo Ghezzi and Amir Molzam Sharifloo
Part III: Design Issues
Uncertainty in Self-Adaptive Software Systems ...................... 214
Naeem Esfahani and Sam Malek
A Software Lifecycle Process to Support Consistent Evolutions ........ 239
Paola Inverardi and Marco Mori
DYNAMICO: A Reference Model for Governing Control Objectives
and Context Relevance in Self-Adaptive Software Systems............. 265
Norha M. Villegas, Gabriel Tamura, Hausi A. Mu¨ller,
Laurence Duchien, and Rubby Casallas
Part IV: Applications
Fault-Adaptivity in Hard Real-Time Component-Based Software
Systems ........................................................ 294
Abhishek Dubey, Gabor Karsai, and Nagabhushan Mahadevan
Towards User Tailoring of Self-Adaptation in Ubiquitous Computing ... 324
Jo˜ao Pedro Sousa
Hierarchical Self-Optimization of SaaS Applications in Clouds ......... 354
Bradley Simmons, Hamoun Ghanbari, Sotirios Liaskos,
Marin Litoiu, and Gabriel Iszlai
Self-Adaptivity from Different Application Perspectives: Requirements,
Realizations, Reflections .......................................... 376
Kurt Geihs
Author Index.................................................. 393
Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems:
A Second Research Roadmap
Rog´erio de Lemos, Holger Giese, Hausi A. Mu¨ller, Mary Shaw,
Jesper Andersson, Marin Litoiu, Bradley Schmerl, Gabriel Tamura,
Norha M. Villegas, Thomas Vogel, Danny Weyns, Luciano Baresi,
Basil Becker, Nelly Bencomo, Yuriy Brun, Bojan Cukic, Ron Desmarais,
Schahram Dustdar, Gregor Engels, Kurt Geihs, Karl M. G¨oschka,
Alessandra Gorla, Vincenzo Grassi, Paola Inverardi, Gabor Karsai,
Jeff Kramer, Anto´nia Lopes, Jeff Magee, Sam Malek, Serge Mankovskii,
Raffaela Mirandola, John Mylopoulos, Oscar Nierstrasz, Mauro Pezz`e,
Christian Prehofer, Wilhelm Scha¨fer, Rick Schlichting, Dennis B. Smith,
Jo˜ao Pedro Sousa, Ladan Tahvildari, Kenny Wong, and Jochen Wuttke
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]
Abstract. The goal of this roadmap paper is to summarize the state-
of-the-art and identify research challenges when developing, deploying
and managing self-adaptive software systems. Instead of dealing with a
wide range oftopics associated with thefield, wefocus on fouressential
topics of self-adaptation: design space for self-adaptive solutions, soft-
wareengineeringprocessesforself-adaptivesystems,from centralizedto
decentralizedcontrol,andpracticalrun-timeverification&validationfor
self-adaptivesystems.Foreachtopic,wepresentanoverview,suggestfu-
turedirections,andfocusonselectedchallenges.Thispapercomplements
andextendsapreviousroadmaponsoftwareengineeringforself-adaptive
systemspublishedin2009coveringadifferentsetoftopics,andreflecting
inpartonthepreviouspaper.Thisroadmapisoneofthemanyresultsof
the Dagstuhl Seminar 10431 on Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive
Systems, which took place in October 2010.
1 Introduction
The complexity of current software systems has led the software engineering
community to investigate innovative ways of developing, deploying, managing
and evolving software-intensive systems and services. In addition to the ever
increasing complexity, software systems must become more versatile, flexible,
resilient, dependable, energy-efficient, recoverable, customizable, configurable,
and self-optimizing by adapting to changes that may occur in their operational
contexts, environments and system requirements. Therefore, self-adaptation —
systems that are able to modify their behavior and/or structure in response to
theirperceptionofthe environmentandthe systemitself, andtheirgoals—has
become an important researchtopic in many diverse application areas.
R.deLemosetal.(Eds.):Self-AdaptiveSystems,LNCS7475,pp.1–32,2013.
(cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013