Software Adaptation in an Open Environment: a software architecture perspective

241 Pages·2017·12.5 MB·English

by  Yu Zhou

Software Adaptation in
an Open Environment
A Software Architecture
Perspective

Software Adaptation in
an Open Environment
A Software Architecture
Perspective
Yu Zhou and Taolue Chen
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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Contents
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
ListofFigures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
ListofTables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
SECTIONI: BASICSANDFRAMEWORK 1
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1 NovelComputingParadigmsandMethodologies . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 WhatisSelf-Adaptation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.3 WhatisContext? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.4 ChallengesofAdaptationinanOpenEnvironment . . . . . . . 20
1.4.1 Characteristicsoftheopenenvironment . . . . . . . . 21
1.4.2 Adaptationrequirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.5 StructureoftheBook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2 AdaptationFramework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.1 IntroductionandBackground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.1.1 Architecturedescriptionlanguages . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1.2 Softwarearchitecturalviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.1.3 Softwarearchitecturedynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
v
vi (cid:4) Contents
2.1.4 Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.2 ConceptualAdaptationFramework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.2.1 Architecturalperspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.2.2 Frameworkoverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.3 RuntimeSoftwareArchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.3.1 Softwarearchitectureclassmodel . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.3.2 Reflectiveinteraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.3.3 Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.4 RelatedTechniquesforSelf-Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3 ContextModeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.1 OverviewofContextModeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.2 RepresentativeOntologyModels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.3 Ontology-BasedContextModeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.4 OntologyModelsforArchitectureDomain . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.4.1 Architecturedescriptionontology . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.4.2 Architecturemanipulationontology . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.4.3 Architecturecontrolontology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.4.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4 ImplementationandCaseStudy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.1 StructuralOverview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.1.1 Adaptationsupport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.1.2 Componentframework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.1.3 Contextknowledgemanagement . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.2 MAC-ngImplementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.3 PerformanceAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.3.1 Experimentalsetup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.3.2 Performanceevaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.4 CaseStudy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.4.1 Scenariostatement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.4.2 Adaptationrequirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.4.3 SolutionsbasedonMAC-ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Contents (cid:4) vii
SECTIONII:ADAPTIVEMIGRATION,SERVICE
DISCOVERY,ANDINTERACTION 87
5 AdaptiveComponentMigration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.2 ArchitecturalRequirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.2.1 Applicationmodel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.2.2 Mobilitymanagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.2.3 Resourcebindingandservicecustomization . . . . . . 94
5.2.4 Contextawareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.3 ArchitecturalFramework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.3.1 Applicationmanagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.3.1.1 Applicationarchitecture . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.3.1.2 Dynamicinteraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.3.1.3 Coordinationmanagement . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.3.2 Resourcedescriptionandagentreasoningmechanism . 98
5.4 ModelingbyAttributedGraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.5 PerformanceAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.6 RelatedWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
6 ServiceDiscoveryandInteractionAdaptation . . . . . . . . . . . 115
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
6.2 Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
6.2.1 Contextmodelandsystemarchitecture . . . . . . . . . 118
6.2.2 Servicediscoveryprimitivesandmapping . . . . . . . 120
6.2.3 Interactionprogrammingmodel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
6.2.4 Interceptorbasedmulti-modeinteraction . . . . . . . . 126
6.2.5 Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
6.3 PerformanceAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.4 RelatedWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
6.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
SECTIONIII:FORMALMODELINGANDANALYSIS 135
7 AdaptationRulesConflictDetection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
7.2 ReconfigurationModelingandAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
7.2.1 Criticalpairanddependency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
7.2.2 Architecturalreconfigurationanalysis . . . . . . . . . . 141
viii (cid:4) Contents
7.3 CaseStudy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
7.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
7.5 RelatedWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
7.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
8 ModelBasedVerificationofDynamicEvolution . . . . . . . . . . 151
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
8.2 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
8.3 BehaviorModeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
8.4 Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
8.4.1 Flatteningalgorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
8.4.2 Correctnessoftranslation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
8.4.3 Consistencyverification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
8.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
8.6 RelatedWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
8.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
9 AnIterativeDecision-MakingSchemeforAdaptation . . . . . . . 177
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
9.2 AnIterativeDecision-MakingScheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
9.2.1 MDPsandvalue-iterationmethod . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
9.2.2 AnoverviewofIDMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
9.2.3 Confidentoptimality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
9.2.4 Metricsandtradeoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
9.3 ApplicationtoSelf-AdaptiveSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
9.3.1 Rainbowframework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
9.3.2 EmbeddingIDMSintorainbow . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
9.3.3 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
9.4 FurtherReading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
9.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Foreword
Softwareiseatingtheworldwhilsttheworldiseatingmoreandmoresoftware.
The interplay between software and the world drives the evolution of software
development methodologies. The way of constructing software is undergoing a
fundamental paradigm shift. The execution environment of modern software is
becoming more open, dynamic, and volatile. Such openness brings grand chal-
lengestotheadaptabilityoftheinhabitantsoftwaresystems.Sincecontinuously
delivering software satisfying users’ needs is always a timeless pursuit of soft-
waredevelopers,self-adaptationattractsconsiderableattentionfrombothindus-
tryandacademia.Therehasbeenalotofresearchconductedinthisarea,inspired
byapplicationsfromamultitudeofdisciplines.Thiscanbeevidencedbyapro-
liferation of new adaptation techniques and frameworks that have emerged in
recentyears.
Among others, software architecture related techniques represent an impor-
tantsubject.Thisispartlyduetotheincreasingapplicationofcomponentbased
systems in the open environment, such as web services. Software architecture
provides an adequate abstraction level, as well as an effective way to guide the
adaptation.
Thisbookisoneofthefirstmonographstoaddresssoftwareadaptationinan
openenvironmentfromasoftwarearchitectureperspective.Thetwoauthorsare
activeresearchershavegreatexperienceinthisfieldandprovideacomprehensive
discussionofcurrentadaptationframeworksinthelightofsoftwarearchitecture.
This includes service discovery and interaction adaptation, adaptive component
migration, or context and ontological models. The chapter on formal modeling
covers the essence of adaptation rules, conflict detection, or verification of dy-
namicevolution.
Thebookaimsbothatpractitionersandresearchersandconveysthefounda-
tionsofsoftwareadaptation.Itdescribesverificationtechniquesandframeworks
ix