Soft Order in Physical Systems

240 Pages·1994·17.65 MB·English

by  Professeur Yuval Ne’eman (auth.)

Soft Order in Physical Systems
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Series B: Physics
Soft Order in Physical Systems
Edited by
Y. Rabin
Bar-Han University
Ramat Gan, Israel
and
R. Bruinsma
University of California at Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Soft Order in Physical Systems,
held in honor of Shlomo Alexander,
February 16-25, 1993,
in Les Houches, France
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Librar y o f Congress Cataloglng-ln-Publicatio n Dat a
Soft orde r i n physical system s / edite d b y Y. Rabin and R. Bruinsma.
p. cm . — (NATO ASI series . Serie s B, Physics ; vol. 323)
"Published i n cooperation wit h NATO Affair s Division. "
"Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Soft Order i n
Physical Systems, hel d i n honor of Shlomo Alexander, February 16-25 ,
1993, i n Les Houches, France"—Vers o t.p .
Includes bibliographica l reference s and index .
ISBN 978-1-4613-6046-9 ISBN 978-1-4615-2458-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-2458-8
1. Polymers—Congresses. 2 . Chemistry, Physical an d theoretical ¬
-Congresses. I . Rabin, Yitzhak . II . Bruinsma, R. III . Nort h
Atlanti c Treat y Organization . Scientifi c Affair s Division .
IV. NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Soft Order i n Physical
Systems (199 3 : Les Houches, Haute-Savoie, France) V . Title .
VI. Series : NATO ASI series . Serie s B, Physics : v. 323.
QC173.4.P65S46 199 4
530 .4 ' 13—dc20 94-503 0
CIP
ISBN 978-1-4613-6046-9
© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1994
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1994
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edited by Neal B. Abraham, Alfonso M. Albano,
Anthony Passamante, and Paul E. Rapp
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edited by F. H. Busse and L. Kramer
Volume 235 - DISORDER AND FRACTURE
edited by J. C. Charmet, S. Roux, and E. Guyon
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edited by Michel Mareschal
Volume 240 - GLOBAL CLIMATE AND ECOSYSTEM CHANGE
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Volume 243 - DAVYDOV'S SOLITON REVISITED: Self-Trapping of Vibrational
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edited by Javier Jimenez
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D. Serre
Volume 323 - SOFT ORDER IN PHYSICAL SYSTEMS
edited by Y. Rabin and R. Bruinsma
PREFACE
A humoristic view of the physics of soft matter, which nevertheless has a ring
of truth to it, is that it is an ill-defined subject which deals with ill-condensed
matter by ill-defined methods. Although, since the Nobel prize was awarded to
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, this subject can be no longer shrugged-away as "sludge
physics" by the physics community, it is still not viewed universally as "main
stream" physics. While, at first glance, this may be considered as another example
of inertia, a case of the "establishment" against the "newcomer", the roots of this
prejudice are much deeper and can be traced back to Roger Bacon's conception
about the objectivity of science. All of us would agree with the weaker form of this
idea which simply says that the final results of our work should be phrased in an
observer-independent way and be communicable to anybody who made the effort
to learn this language. There exists, however, a stronger form of this idea according
to which the above criteria of "objectivity" and "communicability" apply also to
the process of scientific inquiry. The fact that major progress in the physics of
soft matter was made in apparent violation of this approach, by applying intuition
to problems which appeared to defy rigorous analysis, may explain why many
physicists feel somewhat ill-at-ease with this subject.
The inadequacy of the notion that one can do physics in a way which can be
taught to a computer is particularly clear to those of us who had the privilege to
work with Shlomo Alexander. After discussing a scientific problem with Shlomo
one quite often feels that Shlomo said something very deep and important but, at
the same time, one fails to fully appreciate the connection between the question
asked and Shlomo's answer. Only much later, sometimes after one spends weeks
and months thinking about the problem, one suddenly grasps the delicate rela
tionship between the problem he raised and Shlomo's comments. The reason is
that that Shlomo's deep insights are the product of his unique physical intuition.
vii
We can only speculate on the origins of this intuition: his unusual background as
an experimentalist who turned into a high-powered theorist, his superb geometri
cal imagination, his deep feeling for symmetry arguments and last, but not least,
the breadth of his interests which go far beyond physics (his collaboration with
his wife Esther, on economics, is but one example). While the results of Shlomo
Alexander's insights can be turned into simple and comprehensible formulas, his
intuition and unique way of reasoning belong to the realm of art. This art has
enriched us all in a way which makes Shlomo's impact on the physics of soft matter
go even beyond his many beautiful works.
Yitzhak Rabin and Robijn Bruinsma
viii
CONTENTS
An Historical Perspective (Une Perspective Historique) ............................. 1
Y. Ne'eman
REVIEW PAPERS
Focal Conics Domains in Smectics .................................................. 5
P. Boltenhagen, M. Kleman and O.D. Lavrentovich
On Polymer Brushes and Blobology: An Introduction ............................. 33
A. Halperin
The Adhesion Between Elastomers ................................................ 57
E. Raphael and P.-G. de Gennes
Dynamics of Late Stage Phase Separation in Polymer Blends ...................... 73
S. Reich
RESEARCH PAPERS
1. Polymer Physics
Swelling and Uniaxial Extension of Polymer Gels as Seen by
Small Angle Neutron Scattering ... '" ...................................... 99
J. Bastide, F. Boue, E. Mendes, A. Hakiki, A. Ramzi and J. Herz
Silica-Poly (dimethsiloxane) Mixtures: An NMR Approach to the
Investigation of Chain Adsorption Statistics ............................... 103
R. Ebengou and J.-P. Cohen-Addad
Liquid Crystalline Polymers in Nematic Solvents:
Extension and Confinement ............................................... 107
A. Halperin and D.R.M. Williams
The Revealing of Heterogeneities by Free Linear Chains in a Network ............ 113
J. Lal, J. Bastide, R. Bansil and F. Boue
ix
Non-Debye Screening in Polyelectrolyte Solutions ................................ 117
K. Kremer, M.J. Stevens and P.A. Pincus
Entropy of Knots and Statistics of Entangled Random Walks ..................... 125
S. Nechaev and A. Grosberg
Polymers in a Random Environment and Molecular Quasi-Species ................ 129
L. Peliti
Wetting from Mixtures of Flexible Chains ........................................ 133
U. Steiner, J. Klein, E. Eiser, A. Budkowski and L. Fetters
2. Crystallography
Twins in Dianlond Films ........................................................ 137
D. Shechtman
3. Dynamics of Disordered Systems / Glasses
The Crystallization of Amorphous AL: GE Thin Films ........................... 141
Y. Lereah and G. Deutscher
Grain Boundary Motion During Anisotropic Grain Growth ....................... 145
A. Brokman and A.J. Vilenkin
Soft Atomic Potentials and Low-Frequency Raman Scattering in Glasses .......... 151
D.A. Parshin
Dynamics of Interface Depinning in a Disordered Medium ........................ 155
S. Stepanow, T. Nattermann, L.-H. Tang and H. Leschhorn
4. Percolation, Diffusion and Fractons
Hull of Percolation Clusters in Three Dimensions ................................ 159
J.-M. Debierre
Dynamics of Diffusion and Invasion Fronts: On the Disconnection -
Reconnection Exponents of Percolation Clusters ........................... 163
J.-F. Gouyet
Diffusion Reaction A+B -+ C, with A and B Initially-Separated .................. 167
S. Havlin, M. Araujo, H. Larralde, H.E. Stanley and P. Trunfio
Nuclear Spin Relaxation in Aerogels and Porous Glasses .... , .................... 173
L. Malier, J.P. Boilot, F. Chaput and F. Devreux
x