Table Of Content‘Theory and practice around sustainable development have E s
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consistently been at their weakest on how the social elements i o
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relate to the full picture. This intriguing book takes a timely and E c social
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critical look at different ways in which this social perspective b i
can help create genuinely “sustainable communities”.’ y a
Chris Church, Chair London 21 and Chair, UK Low Carbon Communities to l sustainability
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This groundbreaking new volume on social sustainability offers
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both critique and creative solutions. It challenges the conventional
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wisdoms of social sustainability and presents practical examples n s in urban areas
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of projects that will help practitioners to think carefully and i
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The book consists of original contributions from academics E
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working in the fields of urban planning, housing, regeneration, a and thE urban Fabric
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transport and international sustainable development. Drawing u b
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on case study research gathered in the UK, Europe and Africa, a i
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it adopts an original, interdisciplinary approach to both theory , t i
and practice, illustrating the challenges and opportunities facing o t
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policy-makers and practitioners attempting to develop, manage y
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and maintain sustainable communities. L
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C The authors argue that the dominant approach of ‘how to do’ small-scale social sustainability y
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ge © more complete approach to issues of social sustainability in urban areas. n r
Fo Es b
tolia Tony Manzi is a Principal Lecturer in Housing and the Course Leader for the MA in Housing an a
Practice at the University of Westminster. Karen Lucas is Research Fellow with the Transport d n
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Studies Unit at the University of Oxford and former Director of Research for the Centre u
for Sustainable Development at the University of Westminster. Tony Lloyd Jones is Principal d a
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Lecturer in Urban Design and Development at the University of Westminster and Director th r
of Research and Consultancy at the University’s Max Lock Centre. Judith Allen is Principal a e
Lecturer in Neighbourhood Management in the School of Architecture and the Built L
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EwPpaulwabrtnlihwsnhsiic.nnaeggn af osrrtt rahi vsseussct aatoinn am.bclieno ifm.utuiuzkree its impact on the environment www.earthscan.co.uk publishing for a sustainable future KarEEnd aLitunEcdda Jsbu,y td toiotnhny y aL LLMoLaEynndz Jio, nEs
00c_SocialSustainability_i-xviii 1/3/10 15:01 Page i
Social Sustainability in Urban Areas
00c_SocialSustainability_i-xviii 1/3/10 15:01 Page ii
00c_SocialSustainability_i-xviii 1/3/10 15:01 Page iii
Social Sustainability in
Urban Areas
Communities, Connectivity
and the Urban Fabric
Edited by
Tony Manzi, Karen Lucas,
Tony Lloyd-Jones and Judith Allen
London • Washington, DC
00c_SocialSustainability_i-xviii 1/3/10 15:01 Page iv
Firstpublishedin2010byEarthscan
Copyright©TonyManzi,KarenLucas,TonyLloydJonesandJudithAllen2010
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrieval
system,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,
photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptasexpresslypermittedbylaw,withoutthe
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EarthscanLtd,DunstanHouse,14aStCrossStreet,LondonEC1N8XA,UK
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Socialsustainabilityinurbanareas:communities,connectivity,andtheurbanfabric/
editedbyTonyManzi...[etal.].–1sted.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-84407-674-1(hardback)
1. Sociology,Urban.2. Citiesandtowns–Growth.3. Sustainabledevelopment. I.
Manzi,Tony,1960–
HT151.S62132010
307.76--dc22
2009049682
AtEarthscanwestrivetominimizeourenvironmentalimpactsand
carbonfootprintthroughreducingwaste,recyclingandoffsettingour
CO emissions,includingthosecreatedthroughpublicationofthis
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00c_SocialSustainability_i-xviii 1/3/10 15:01 Page v
Contents
List of Figures, Tables and Box vii
List of Contributors ix
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii
Introduction xv
1 Understanding Social Sustainability: Key Concepts and
Developments in Theory and Practice 1
Tony Manzi, Karen Lucas, Tony Lloyd-Jones and Judith Allen
Section 1: Communities, Neighbourhoods and the Creation of
Locality-based Social Capital
2 Creating Sustainable Neighbourhoods? The Development and
Management of Mixed-Income Communities 35
Tony Manzi
3 Building Sustainable Communities from the Grassroots: How
Community Land Trusts Can Create Social Sustainability 49
Nick Bailey
4 Neighbourhood Asset Management: Life Cycles and Learning for
Social Sustainability 65
Judith Allen and Tony Lloyd-Jones
5 Women’s Social Networks and Their Importance in Promoting
Sustainable Communities 83
Catalina Gandelsonas
00c_SocialSustainability_i-xviii 1/3/10 15:01 Page vi
vi Social Sustainability in Urban Areas
Section 2: The Role of Place and Connectivity in the Urban
Socio-Physical Environment
6 Residential Intensification, Family Housing and Educational
Provision 105
Suzy Nelson
7 Transport Planning for Sustainable Communities 121
Karen Lucas, Derek Halden and Sarah Wixey
8 The Impacts of Teleworking on Sustainability and Travel 141
Peter White, Georgina Christodoulou, Roger Mackett,
Helena Titheridge, Roselle Thoreau and John Polak
Section 3: Regeneration and Economic Development
9 Planning Obligations and Social Sustainability 161
Chris Marsh
10 The Urban Renaissance and the Night-Time Economy: Who
Belongs in the City at Night? 183
Adam Eldridge
11 The Relationship Between Major Events, the Urban Fabric and
Social Sustainability 199
Adam Smith
12 Conclusions and Observations for Future Practice 221
Index 229
00c_SocialSustainability_i-xviii 1/3/10 15:01 Page vii
List of Figures, Tables and Box
Figures
Figure 1.1 The dimensions and interactive process in sustainable
development 3
Figure 1.2 The Russian Doll explanation of sustainable development 4
Figure 1.3 A multi-dimensional understanding of sustainable
development 5
Figure 1.4 The Egan Wheel 17
Figure 4.1 Integrated neighbourhood-governance model 73
Figure 4.2 The actors who may have a presence in neighbourhood
spaces 79
Figure 5.1 Conceptual model 96
Figure 7.1 Location of key transport routes in the east London
region of the Thames Gateway 128
Figure 7.2 Main stages of the recommended accessibility planning
process 133
Figure 7.3 Map showing accessibility to rugby club site for
Appleton patients 137
Figure 7.4 Map showing accessibility to Stretton Barns site for
Appleton patients 138
Figure 8.1 Distance travelled per year by frequency of working at
home 145
Figure 9.1 Planning obligations ‘pecking order’ 2002 167
Figure 11.1 Greenwich Millennium Village: green spaces, high density,
education/health provision, good transport links... and a
23,000-capacity events arena 214
00c_SocialSustainability_i-xviii 1/3/10 15:01 Page viii
viii Social Sustainability in Urban Areas
Tables
Table 1.1 Dimensions of sustainability 19
Table 4.1 Physical life-cycle of buildings and key social questions 70
Table 4.2 Timescales in Soho 76
Table 4.3 As-yet-unfinished stories in the neighbourhood space 78
Table 7.1 The five development scenarios for Edinburgh, with a
summary of their likely impacts on accessibility 135
Table 7.2 Comparison of overall changes in accessibility 135
Table 8.1 Total distance travelled by frequency the respondents
work at home 145
Table 8.2 Total trips per year made by frequency the respondents
work at home 146
Table 9.1 Affordable housing delivery 169
Table 9.2 Total Section 106 financial contributions across London 171
Table 9.3 Section 106 financial contributions by type and by
borough 172
Table 11.1 The sustainable urban regeneration performance of
Barcelona’s Vila Olimpica 211
Box
Box 11.1 The seven projects that formed the Legacy Programme
for the 2002 Commonwealth Games 203
00c_SocialSustainability_i-xviii 1/3/10 15:01 Page ix
List of Contributors
Judith Allen is Principal Lecturer in Neighbourhood Management. She is a
member of the Max Lock Centre and is also the programme leader for
undergraduateurbanstudiesandpostgraduateneighbourhoodstudies.Shehas
been the scientific manager for three major cross-European studies in neigh-
bourhoods: focusing on social exclusion, neighbourhood management and
governance. Her current research on small areas focuses on migrancy and set-
tlement(BritishinBulgaria,BraziliansinPortugal),aswellasconsultanciesfor
neighbourhood projects in London, for the Housing Observatory in Madrid,
and for UN-Habitat.
Nick Bailey is Professor of Urban Regeneration. He originally qualified as a
townplanner,hasworkedinanumberofplanningandhousingposts,andhas
many years of teaching experience at undergraduate and postgraduate levels.
He has carried out extensive research on the role of third-sector organizations
in urban regeneration in the UK and was the co-author of a study of commu-
nity development trusts for the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. He has also
carried out a study of community involvement in local strategic partnerships
and led a team investigating mixed tenure housing developments in England
andScotlandfortheJosephRowntreeFoundation.Heisaboardmemberofa
community development trust in central London.
Adam Eldridge is Research Fellow with the Central Cities Institute at the
UniversityofWestminster.HisrecentlycompletedPhDexaminedthearticula-
tion of history, identity and geography within a themed environment. His
current research continues to examine the relationship between consumption,
communityandpublicspace,withaparticularemphasisontownandcitycen-
tres after dark. Dr Eldridge is currently investigating how the Licensing Act
(2003)hasimpactedupontheeveningeconomyintermsofresidentsandtown
centre decentralisation. He also teaches in the Department of Urban Planning
