Table Of ContentSocial Practices of Rule- Making
in World Politics
Social Practices of Rule- Making
in World Politics
MARK RAYMOND
1
1
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CONTENTS
Acknowledgments vii
INTRODUCTION 1
1. S ocial Practices of Rule- Making
CHAPTER 8
2. Th e Social Construction of Great Power Management,
CHAPTER
1815– 1822
44
3. B anning War: Social Practices of Rule- Making in the
CHAPTER
Interwar Period
83
4. S ocial Practices of Rule- Making and the Global War
CHAPTER
on Terror
142
5. R ules for State Conduct in the Cyber Domain
CHAPTER 203
CONCLUSION 236
References 251
Index 263
v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This book would not have been possible without the support, encouragement,
and assistance of a great many people. I am extremely grateful for the opportu-
nity to say a few words of thanks to them here.
First, I want to thank the members of my doctoral committee at the University
of Toronto, where this project began. David Welch, Emanuel Adler, and Steven
Bernstein were kind enough to read and comment on the draft chapters in their
earliest forms and to help them take shape. Matthew Hoffmann served as the
internal reader and played a valuable role in improving the final dissertation.
Richard Price went well beyond his role as the external examiner and provided
extensive constructive comments. In addition to his role as my doctoral adviser,
David Welch has provided invaluable advice, constant encouragement, and
lasting friendship.
Next, I owe my thanks to the reviewers for Oxford University Press, and es-
pecially to Nick Onuf, who was kind enough to reach out and offer his assistance
with revising the manuscript. As a result of the reviewers’ careful comments, the
book is substantially improved. That improvement was ultimately made possible
by my editor, Angela Chnapko. I would like to thank her for choosing such con-
structive reviewers for the manuscript, and also for her belief in the project and
her patience as the revisions unfolded.
I would like to thank the Department of International and Area Studies at the
University of Oklahoma for its support as I revised the book manuscript. Suzette
Grillot and Mitchell Smith helped me secure essential assistance in the form of
course releases and summer research fellowships that facilitated the addition of
the fourth case study, as well as other revisions to the manuscript. Keith Gaddie
and the staff of Headington College at the University of Oklahoma provided
a congenial atmosphere in which to finalize the revisions, for which I am very
grateful.
vii
viii Acknowledgments
During the process of writing the book I have benefited from the assistance
of many of my friends and colleagues, some of whom have read part or all of the
manuscript at various points in its development, and all of whom have provided
valuable advice and encouragement. The following list is in alphabetical order:
Samantha Bradshaw, Aaron Brantly, Benjamin de Carvalho, Derrick Cogburn,
Ron Deibert, Laura DeNardis, Amy Eckert, Martha Finnemore, Bill Flanik,
Harry Gould, Tim Gravelle, Fen Osler Hampson, Erin Hannah, Jarrod Hayes,
Eric Heinze, Wendy Hicks, Aaron Hoffman, Terilyn Johnston Huntington, Jill
Irvine, Patrick Thaddeus Jackson, Patrick James, Ron Krebs, Alanna Krolikowski,
Charlotte Ku, Halvard Leira, Daniel Levine, Joseph MacKay, James Manicom,
David McCourt, Chris McIntosh, Lilly Muller, Michelle Murray, Iver Neumann,
Daniel Nexon, Joseph S. Nye, John Owen, Roland Paris, Darren Purcell, Maria
Rost Rublee, Niels Nagelhus Schia, Rebecca Sanders, Ole Jacob Sending, Jason
Sharman, Erika Simpson, Charmaine Stanley, Brent Steele, Michael Struett,
Jelena Subotic, and Jessica West. I am deeply grateful to all of you for your time,
and even more for your friendship.
I would also like to thank my graduate students at the University of Oklahoma.
While I have immensely enjoyed working with all of you, particular thanks are
due to Stefanie Neumeier for reading the entirety of the revised manuscript, and
to Nela Mrchkovska and Josie Smith for their assistance with the launch of the
Cyber Governance and Policy Center.
It should go without saying that I apologize to anyone inadvertently omitted
from this list, and that any remaining errors in the manuscript are my own.
Finally, I would like to thank my family. My parents, Alan and Elva Raymond,
have provided unconditional love and support, without which I would never
have had the chance to write this book. I also want to thank them for encour-
aging my interest in the wider world. I want to thank my in- laws, Ray and Irene
Raatzs, for welcoming me into their family. Most of all, I want to thank my wife
Kate for believing in me, for talking through the argument with me as it evolved,
for reading draft chapters and offering her wisdom, and for her love and friend-
ship. Thank you for sharing this journey with me.
Introduction
It is commonplace to assert that we live in a rule- based global order, though
assessments of the vitality and future trajectory of that order vary widely. This
book takes the existence of such an order as its starting point, and seeks to con-
tribute greater understanding of its nature and dynamics. Perhaps the most cru-
cial question about this order is how its substantive contents (i.e., the rules) are
determined and changed. That is the fundamental question that this book seeks
to answer.
The constructivist literature identifies a number of mechanisms and
processes— such as norm creation, social learning, strategic social construc-
tion, socialization, persuasion, contestation, and others— by which actors ac-
complish both the continuous reproduction and transformation of the rules,
institutions, and regimes that constitute their worlds. However, it is less clear
how these mechanisms relate to each other. Are they synonyms? Alternative
explanations? Is it a matter of scope conditions, in which some mechanisms pre-
dominate in some circumstances while different ones are at work in others? In
order to maximize the comparability of existing and future constructivist em-
pirical research, and to avoid conceptual duplication, it is important that these
questions be resolved. However, this proliferation of mechanisms also raises
two deeper questions for which the field thus far lacks clear answers: (1) how
do actors know how to engage in all the various processes available to them for
changing or reproducing norms and rules, and (2) how do they know when to
utilize one mechanism rather than another?
The answer, I argue, is that participants in world politics are also simultane-
ously engaged in an ongoing social practice of rule- making, interpretation, and
application. This social practice of rule- making is itself governed by procedural
rules. These rules about rule- making are analogues to what the legal philosopher
H. L. A. Hart referred to as secondary rules (Hart 1994). They provide an instruc-
tion manual that enables actors to engage in contextually appropriate modalities
for making and interpreting rules, and for applying rules to novel cases.
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