Table Of ContentSocial integration and
intermarriage in europe
research in migration and ethnic
relations Series
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Social integration and
intermarriage in europe
Islam, Partner-Choices and Parental Influence
SaraH carol
Chair for Demography and Social Inequality at the
University of Cologne, Germany
© Sarah carol 2016
all rights reserved. no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.
Sarah carol has asserted her right under the copyright, designs and patents act, 1988, to
be identified as the author of this work.
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
a catalogue record for this book is available from the British library.
The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:
carol, Sarah.
Social integration and intermarriage in europe : islam, partner-choices and parental
influence / by Sarah Carol.
pages cm. -- (research in migration and ethnic relations series)
includes bibliographical references and index.
iSBn 978-1-4724-4741-8 (hardback) -- iSBn 978-1-4724-4742-5 (ebook) -- iSBn 978-1-
4724-4743-2 (epub) 1. intermarriage--europe. 2. interethnic dating--europe. 3. muslims-
-cultural assimilation--europe. 4. immigrants--cultural assimilation--europe. 5. Social
integration--europe. 6. europe--ethic relations. 7. europe--emigration and immigration-
-Social aspects. i. title.
HQ1031.c376 2015
306.84--dc23
2015022693
iSBn 9781472447418 (hbk)
iSBn 9781472447425 (ebk – pdF)
iSBn 9781472447432 (ebk – epuB)
printed in the united Kingdom by Henry ling limited,
at the dorset press, dorchester, dt1 1Hd
Contents
List of Figures vii
List of Tables ix
Acknowledgements xi
1 Introduction 1
2 A Framework for the Study of Social Integration: The Nexus of
Religion, Parental Influences and Partner Choice 23
3 An Overview of Partner Choices among Muslim Migrants and
Natives in Western Europe 43
4 Intraethnic Marriage among Immigrant Children in Western
Europe: Transnational Spouse or Co-Ethnic Spouse? 63
5 Intermarriage Attitudes among Minority and Majority Groups in
Western Europe: The Role of Attachment to the Family, Religious
In-Group and Perceived Distance 83
6 The Intergenerational Transmission of Intermarriage Attitudes and
Interethnic Contact: The Role of Turkish Migrant Parents 99
7 Attitudes Towards Intergroup Dating among Youth in Brussels:
More Evidence for the Role of Parents? 123
8 Conclusion 149
Appendix 161
Bibliography 183
Index 203
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List of Figures
1.1 Accommodation of Islam in Belgium, Britain, Germany and
Switzerland 14
2.1 Types of intergroup and intragroup relationships 27
2.2 Approach to the study of social integration 39
3.1 Predicted probabilities of interethnic marriages by ethnic groups
and countries. 56
4.1 Family reunification policies 67
4.2 Marriage types 71
4.3 Types of marriage (Turkish and Moroccan migrants) 72
4.4 Types of marriage (ex-Yugoslav, Turkish, Moroccan,
Pakistani migrants) 73
4.5 Controlled average marginal effects by country, with standard
error bars 76
4.6 Plot of transnational marriage rate against family reunification
policy score 78
4.7 Choice of spouse 80
5.1 Native−migrant gap in coefficients 95
6.1 Structural equation model 105
6.2 Structural equation model with reverse paths 108
6.3 Combined structural equation model 110
6.4 Children’s deviation from parental endogamy preferences
and networks 113
6.5 Attitudes towards interreligious marriage, same-sex dyad
and religiosity 116
6.6 Attitudes towards interreligious marriage and percentage
of immigrants 117
6.7 Attitudes towards interethnic marriage, education and religiosity 118
6.8 Interethnic friendships, education and religiosity 119
7.1 Interaction gender and religiosity (immigrant children) 140
7.2 Interaction gender and religiosity (native children) 140
7.3 Interaction gender and sexual conservatism (immigrant children) 143
viii Social Integration and Intermarriage in Europe
7.4 Interaction gender and parental control (immigrant children) 144
7.5 Interaction high status and parental control (native children) 145
7.6 Interaction low status and parental control (native children) 145
8.1 Summary of findings 151
A6.1 Children’s deviation from parental networks 176
List of Tables
1.1 Sample size by ethnic group and country 20
3.1 Linear probability model of intermarriage (Migrants) 49
3.2 Linear probability model of intermarriage (Natives) 52
4.1 Linear probability model of transnational versus
co-ethnic marriages 74
4.2 Linear probability model of transnational versus
co-ethnic marriages 79
5.1 Linear probability model of attitudes towards intermarriage 89
7.1 Descriptive statistics (immigrant children) 130
7.2 Descriptive statistics (native children) 131
7.3 Linear probability model intergroup dating (immigrant and
native children) 134
7.4 Linear probability model intergroup dating (immigrant children,
n = 1789) 137
7.5 Linear probability model intergroup dating (native children,
n = 1300) 139
A3.1 Operationalization of explanatory variables in the
EURISLAM Survey 161
A3.2 Descriptive Statistics (means, standard deviations) 162
A3.3 Linear probability model of intermarriage in six countries 165
A3.4 Linear probability model of divorce risk 167
A4.1 Descriptive statistics Turkish and Moroccan children in SCIICS,
Mean (SD) 169
A5.1 Linear probability model of attitudes towards interreligious
marriage 170
A6.1 Descriptive statistics of variables, Means (standard deviations) 172
A6.2 Bivariate estimates 172
A6.3 Deviation by parent-child constellation for
interreligious marriage 173
A6.4 Deviation by parent-child constellation for
interethnic marriage 174
