Table Of ContentTourism on the Verge
Pauline J. Sheldon
Roberto Daniele E ditors
Social
Entrepreneurship
and Tourism
Philosophy and Practice
Tourism on the Verge
Serieseditors
PaulineJ.Sheldon
UniversityofHawaii,Honolulu,Hawaii,USA
DanielR.Fesenmaier
UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,Florida,USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13605
Pauline J. Sheldon (cid:129) Roberto Daniele
Editors
Social Entrepreneurship
and Tourism
Philosophy and Practice
Editors
PaulineJ.Sheldon RobertoDaniele
SchoolofTravelIndustryManagement OSHM-OxfordSchoolofHospitality
UniversityofHawaii Management
Honolulu,Hawaii OxfordBrookesUniversity
USA Oxford,UnitedKingdom
ISSN2366-2611 ISSN2366-262X (electronic)
TourismontheVerge
ISBN978-3-319-46516-6 ISBN978-3-319-46518-0 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-46518-0
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016960325
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Foreword
Scholarshave,fordecades,beencallingfornewtourismmodelsandpracticesthat
deliverreal,sustainableandresponsibletourismoutcomes.Mostmakethesecalls
frombehindtheirdesks,caughtupinthebeliefthatpublicscholarshipcanmakea
differencebythrowingpaperafterpaperintothescholarlypublishingarena(iron-
ically, only available from behind login screens). But who is listening? What
difference does this make? The industry has remained predominantly growth and
profit motivated, yet social entrepreneurs with vision and creativity have been
forging new paths, many without ever having read an academic paper. There is,
ofcourse,asmallbandofpracademicsandactivistscholarswhoareoutinthefield,
teaching,learning,engagingandcontributingtothegrowthofthesocialentrepre-
neurship movement and driving real change. It is time to celebrate their achieve-
mentsandtobuildstrongercocreatedpraxis.Theeditorsandauthorsofthisvolume
believethatactivistscholarship,cocreatedknowledgeandsharedunderstandingsin
tourismsocialentrepreneurshippracticecanchangethishiatus.
Social entrepreneurship is one of the fastest growing social movements of our
time.Growingglobalawarenessthat‘businessasusual’capitalismandindividual
self-interest are leading us towards potentially catastrophic environmental and
social consequences has set the stage for social entrepreneurship to catalyse into
a movement. But other factors are also at play. It has become patently clear that
environmental issues cannot be addressed without making progress on pressing
social issues such as poverty, gender equity, empowerment and inclusion. The
millennialgenerationhasalsodrivenashiftinvaluesawayfromthegrowth,profit
andgreedoflatetwentieth-centurycapitalismandtowardsaconcernforwell-being
andsocialprogress.Amoral,caringturnistakinghold.
Whatisexcitingaboutsocialentrepreneurshipisthatitismadepossiblebythe
opening up of alternative spaces of dialogue and praxis. These spaces can be
synchronicandasynchronic,settingoffconstellationsofcreativethinking,knowl-
edge cocreation and actions that extend well beyond the initial ideation. After
decadesofstiflingneoliberalism,theseareexcitingtimeswherealternative(social)
values are being nurtured, and leaders, in all shapes and sizes, are imagining and
v
vi Foreword
empoweringbetter,morejust,moreinclusiveandsustainablefutures.Theyarenot
simplywaitingforgovernmentsorbusinesstodeliver.ThedreamthatIsharewith
theeditorsofthisvolumeisthattourismgraduatesacrosstheworldwillbeamongst
thesefuture-makers.
Inthiscontext,linkingtourismandsocialentrepreneurshipmakesperfectsense.
Thattourismgeneratessignificantunintendedconsequencesandisassociatedwith
arangeofmarketfailuresmakesitsurprisingthattourismsocialentrepreneurship
hastakensolongtogaintraction.Thisbookisthereforeaverywelcomecontribu-
tion and, hopefully, the start of a journey that contributes to changing and
refocusing tourism on its world-making potential. It explores the phenomenon in
both theory and practice and sets forth fertile ground for future research and
education.
Tourism social entrepreneurship pushes the opportunity for meaningful action
well beyond what corporate social responsibility can or has been able to offer.
Three features in particular are worthy of mentioning. First, (tourism) social
entrepreneurshipmarksanethicalshiftinthewaythatwedefineresponsibility. It
callsustocareaboutthingslessandtocareforothersmore.Itheraldsashiftaway
fromethics basedonuniversalprinciplestowardsarelationalformofcareethics.
Second, tourism social entrepreneurship incorporates social benefit as a central
missionofthebusiness,anditinvitesustothinkdifferentlyaboutthevaluecreated
frominvestment.Byconceptualisingvaluecreationasblendedvalue–acomplex
interlocking DNA sequence of social, economic and environmental value – it
prompts investors to consider the various forms of value that can emerge, and
howcertainoutcomes(e.g.socialcapitalorempowerment)canbevaluedalongside
traditionaleconomicfactors.Third,throughtheconceptofscaling,socialenterprise
seeks to propagate an ecology of social benefits that extends well beyond the
individualsocialenterprise.
Finally, I would like to acknowledge the vision, leadership and perseverance
shownbytheeditorsindevelopingthisvolume.Myfriendshipandcollegialitywith
theeditorsandmanyofthechapterauthorshasbeengroundedandnurturedviathe
Tourism Education Futures Initiative (TEFI), a network of tourism scholars and
tourism practitioners committed to driving change in tourism through education.
TEFI is the legacy of Pauline J. Sheldon and Dan Fesenmaier. In TEFI’s view,
education is much more than teaching and learning. It involves being activist
scholarsandacommitmenttothecocreationoftourismknowledgethroughitera-
tive processes of academic work and real-world engagement. TEFI is a social
movement in its own right: its activities are synchronic and asynchronic, and our
aim is that constellations of creative thinking, knowledge cocreation and action
extend well beyond our meetings and involve diverse creative world-making
activities involving a variety of actors. Pauline J. Sheldon has been a particularly
strong advocate in progressing TEFI’s agenda and has been instrumental to the
development of this book. This book is one outcome of a broader and deeper
engagement in tourism social entrepreneurship and sits alongside two successful
walkingworkshopstoNepal(2014and2016),studentfieldtripsthatprovidespaces
for cocreated knowledge and experience sharing between local and international
Foreword vii
students and the ongoing development of relationships with social entrepreneurs
and local communities. These achievements are largely due to Roberto Daniele,
Oxford Brookes University, who with head, heart and hands has put his commit-
menttodrivechangeintourismattheforefrontofhisacademicwork.Thisvolume
is Roberto’s parting contribution, for he leaves on his own cycling odyssey. Bon
voyage,Roberto,andthankyoufortheinspirationyouhaveprovided.
AalborgUniversity DianneDredge
Copenhagen,Denmark
June2016
Acknowledgments
The subject of this book is an idea whose time has come. Many researchers,
educators, and practitioners, including our chapter authors, are now working to
developsocialentrepreneurshipasamajorchangeagentintourism.Thebookfits
wellintotheTourismontheVergeseriesasitisarelativelynewphenomenonbut
onethatoffersaninspiringnewdirectionfortourismdevelopment.
Wewouldliketoacknowledgethosewhoseintellectualandresourcecontribu-
tionsshapedandenrichedthebook.Thecenterofmuchoftheintellectualthought
forthebookistheOxfordSchoolforHospitalityManagementatOxfordBrookes
University,Oxford,UK.ItistherethatRobertoDaniele,thecoeditorofthisbook,
spearheadedmuchoftheinnovativeworkthroughhisteachingandfieldworkwith
students. His passion, his ability to inspire others, and his dedicated action con-
stantlystokedtheintellectualfirebehindthisbook.Hewasgenerouslysupportedby
DonaldSloan,HeadofSchooloftheOxfordSchoolforHospitalityManagement,
who created a fertile and innovative environment for this project to flourish. We
expressoursinceregratitudetoDonaldforactivelyencouragingandchampioning
socialentrepreneurshipintourismacrosshighereducationandintheindustry.
WealsowishtoacknowledgeUnLtd(TheFoundationforSocialEntrepreneurs
in the UK) who provided funding and support through its Innovation Partnership
program. This program resulted in the creation of TIPSE (Tourism Innovation
Partnership for Social Entrepreneurship) a network of leading universities and
social enterprises whose aim is to promote the field of Social Entrepreneurship in
Tourism. We are very grateful for UnLtd’s supportand for the educators who are
leadingTIPSEforward.
TheTourismEducationFuturesInitiative(TEFI)alsodeservesourthanksasit
embracedtourismsocialentrepreneurshipearlyonbymakingitakeystrandofits
activity. Professor Dianne Dredge who now chairs TEFI has been an eloquent
proponent of social entrepreneurship in tourism and has provided a sounding
board for our ideas as we developed the book. We thank her for her excellent
insights and friendship. Both TEFI and TIPSE now play key roles in promoting
SocialEntrepreneurshipinacademiaandthewidertourismsector.
ix
x Acknowledgments
Others who have been inspired us along the way are Gavin Bate, Founder of
Adventure Alternative and Moving Mountains Trust. Gavin is a true pioneer in
sustainablebusinessmodelsfortourismandoneofthefirstsocialentrepreneursin
the field. He has been a role model and we thank him for the inspiration he has
provided to us. Anna Pollock, a visionary thinker in tourism, assisted us in the
developmentofthebook’sstructureandconstantlychallengedustopushforward
with ideas for the transformation of tourism. We thank her for her vision and
persistence in changing tourism for the better. We would also like to thank
Professor Daniel Fesenmaier, coeditor of the book series, for his encouragement
topursuethisendeavor.
Our thanks also gotoeach and every chapter author, whosecreativework you
willenjoyinthisbook.Thebookwouldnothavebeensorichincontentwithoutthe
contributionsofthesebrilliantminds.Wethankeveryoneoftheauthorsandhope
thisisjustthebeginningofadeeperexplorationofhowsocialentrepreneurshipcan
transformthetourismsector.
Roberto thanks his life partner Marita Davidson who not only encouraged his
passion forSocialEntrepreneurshipbutalsohelpedshapehisideas throughmany
insightful discussions. Pauline thanks her husband William Remus, who inspired
and supported her in her writing and always gave constructive and insightful
commentsasthebookevolved.
PaulineJ.SheldonandRobertoDaniele
