Social Change: Globalization from the Stone Age to the Present

466 Pages·2013·17.793 MB·English

by  Christopher Chase-Dunn, Bruce Lerro

Social Change
Globalization from the
Stone Age to the Present
Christopher Chase-Dunn
Bruce Lerro
First published 2014 by Paradigm Publishers
Published 2016 by Routledge
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Chase-Dunn, Christopher K.
Social change : globalization from the stone age to the present / Christopher Chase-Dunn
and Bruce Lerro.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-61205-328-8 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Social history. 2. Civilization—History. 3. Social change. 4. Social evolution.
I. Lerro, Bruce, 1948– II. Title.
HN13.C43 2013
306.09—dc23
2013011372
ISBN 978-1-61205-328-8 (pbk)
We would like to dedicate this book to the emerging generation
of world citizens who will rise to solve the problems humanity
has created for itself in the twenty-first century.
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Brief Contents
List of Figures and Tables xvii
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxxi
Part I The Framework 1
Chapter 1 History and Social Evolution 3
Chapter 2 The Comparative World-Systems Approach 18
Chapter 3 Biological Bases of Social Evolution 31
Chapter 4 Building a Social Self: The Macro-Micro Link 50
Part II Stateless Systems 73
Chapter 5 World-Systems of Foragers 75
Chapter 6 The Gardeners 91
Web Chapter Indigenous North American World-Systems
before the Rise of Chiefs
Chapter 7 The Sacred Chiefs 104
Part III State-Based Systems 129
Chapter 8 The Temple and the Palace 131
Chapter 9 Public Spaces, Self, and Cognitive Evolution
in Early States 148
v
vi Brief Contents
Chapter 10 The Early Empires: Semiperipheral Conquerors
and Capitalist City- States 172
Chapter 11 The Central System 186
Part IV The Long Rise of Capitalism 201
Chapter 12 The Long Rise of the West 205
Chapter 13 The Modern World- System 227
Chapter 14 The Early Modern Systems in the Fifteenth
to the Eighteenth Centuries 240
Chapter 15 The Global Nineteenth Century 260
Chapter 16 Public Spaces, Individualism, and Cognition
in the Modern Age 284
Chapter 17 The Twentieth- Century Age of Extremes 312
Chapter 18 The World-System since 1945: Another Wave of
Globalization, Hegemony, and Revolutions 326
Chapter 19 Late Globalization: The Early Twenty-First
Century 344
Chapter 20 The Next Three Futures: Another Round of
US Hegemony, Global Collapse, or Global
Democracy? 359
Glossary 375
Bibliography 381
Index 407
About the Authors 433
Contents
List of Figures and Tables xvii
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxxi
Part I The Framework 1
Chapter 1 History and Social Evolution 3
Science and Objectivity 3
Humanism and Values 4
The Comparative Method 5
Types of Evidence 6
Sociocultural Evolution 7 Sociocultural Evolution versus Biological
Evolution 7 Teleology and Unilinear Evolution 9 Progress and
Sociocultural Evolution 11
Theories of Social Change 12
Institutional Materialism 13
Suggested Readings 17
Chapter 2 The Comparative World-Systems Approach 18
World-Systems 18
Spatial Boundaries of World- Systems 20 Core/Periphery
Relations 21
Modes of Accumulation 24
Patterns and Causes of Social Evolution 26
Suggested Readings 30
vii
viii Contents
Chapter 3 Biological Bases of Social Evolution 31
Learning, Sociality, and Culture 31
Expansion of Emotional Range 32 From Animal Calls to Human
Language 32 Nonhuman Animal Minds 33 Animal Minds and
Group Size 33 Grooming Sustains Coalition Formation 34 From
Grooming to Verbal Language 35 Orders of Intentionality 35
Emergence of Hypothetical Thinking 37
Primate Evolution: From Forests to the Savanna 38 Chimpanzee
Material Culture 40
Bipedalization as an Adaptive Response to Drier, More Open
Climates 40
Rewiring the Brain for Social Life 41
New Mating Practices 42
From Prehuman to Protohuman Species 42 Ardipithecus 42
Australopithecines 43 Homo habilis 43 Homo erectus 44 Homo
neanderthalensis 45
Visual Communication Predominates among Protohumans 46
Homo sapiens 46
Primate Evolution in Review 47
Suggested Readings 49
Chapter 4 Building a Social Self: The Macro-Micro Link 50
The Social- Individual Dialectic 50
Human Nature 51
Agents of Socialization 54 Family 54 Education 55 Peers 55
Mass Media 56 Religion 56 The State (Nationalism) 56 Sports 57
Socializing Mechanisms 58
Building a Social Self 59 Layers of Identity 59 Types of
Situations 61 Roles Are Not Static 62
Learning to Think Abstractly 63
Role Conflicts 64
Focused and Unfocused Occasions 65 Focused Occasions 65
Unfocused Occasions 66
Breaches in Public Order 66 No-Man’s-Land 67 Forms of
Repair 68
Varieties of Selves: Collectivist versus Individualist 68 Collectivist
or Individualist Selves? 68
The Self and Social Movements 71
Suggested Readings 72
Contents ix
Part II Stateless Systems 73
Chapter 5 World-Systems of Foragers 75
Expansion and Incorporation 78
Settlement Systems 79
Paleolithic Hunter- Gatherers: Cultural and Social Institutions 81
Sedentary Hunter- Gatherer World- Systems 85
The Wintu and Their Neighbors 87
Suggested Readings 90
Chapter 6 The Gardeners 91
The Biophysical Ecology of Egalitarian Horticulturalists 91
Material Organization of Neolithic Simple Horticultural
Societies 93
Environmental Psychology of Hunter- Gatherers and Simple
Horticulturalists 96
Places and Territories 96
Impact of Enclosed Parochial Places: Witchcraft, Hospitality,
and Kin Groups 97
Time and Space 99
The Self in Hunter- Gatherer and Horticultural Egalitarian
Societies: Horizontal Collectivist Selves 100
From Simple to Complex Horticulture 102
Hunters Once Again: The Abandonment of Horticulture 102
Suggested Readings 103
Web Chapter Indigenous North American World-Systems
before the Rise of Chiefs
Chapter 7 The Sacred Chiefs 104
Rise and Fall 104
Chiefdom Formation 105
Core/Periphery Relations in Interchiefdom Systems 109
Chiefdoms in Ancient Southwest Asia 109
The Chesapeake System in the Time of Captain Smith 109
Bounding the Chesapeake Interaction Networks 110 The Bulk
Goods Network 110 The Prestige Goods Network 111 The Political-
Military Network 112
Ethnogeography 116