Snyder et al. 1977: Anthropometry of Infants, Children, and Youths to Age 18 for Product Safety

648 Pages·2003·29.5 MB·English

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.---A- 1 TO AGE 18
FOR
PRODUCT SAFETY DESIGN
FINAL REPORT
MAY 31, 1977

UM-HSRI-77-17 Final Report
Contract CPSC-C-75-0068 May 1977
ANTHROPOMETRY OF
INFANTS, CHILDREN, AND YOUTHS
.
TO AGE 78
FOR
PRODUCT SAFETY DESIGN
-&
Richard 6. Snyder, Ph.D.
Biomedical Department
Highway safety Research Institute
and Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan
Lawrence W. Schneider, Ph. D.
Biomedical Department
Highway safety Research Institute
Clyde L. Owings, M.D., Ph.D.
Department of Pediatrics and Communicable
~iseases,S chool of Medicine
and Department of El ectri cal and Computer
Engineering, Coll ege of Engineering,
University of Michigan
MA^&
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Herbert M. Reynoi ds, Ph. D.
Biomedical Department
Highway safety Research Institute
and Department of Anthropol ogy , University of Mi chi gan
D. Henry Golomb, M.S.
Highway Safety Research Institute
M. Anthony Schork, Ph-D.
Department of Biostatisti cs , School of Pub1 i c
Health, The University of Michigan
prepared for:
Consumer Product Safety Commission
5401 West Bard Avenue
Bethesda, Mary1 and 20014
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TA i d R epod D o c w b r P m
1. R- No. 2. Act.surn Na 3. Rd~onr'rCa r+ )la
UM-HSRI-77-17
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4. Title d Subtitlo 5. Report DIII
Anthropometry of Infants, Children and Youths to , May 3' 9 1977
Age 18 for Product Safety Design. 6. ~r~.roirg-a nirrriar ~odr
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7- *J R. G. Snyder, Schnei der, L. W. , Owings , C. L. 8. UP-M-xati-oHrr SRI-77-7 7 R.p#r No.
Reynolds, H-M., Golomb, D.H., and Schork. MIA.
9. P r C l r i y ~ d abn a d a s s 80. V dU mt No. TTRAIS)
Highway Safety Research Institute Of 3794
I
Huron Parkway at Baxter Road
11. tonhut G-r NO.
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 CPSC-C-75-0068
13- TVP. of R.porr and Phod Co*ma
12 -.Y--~Nw~~~uIc(~s Final Report
Consumer Product Safety Commi ssio n
Apri 1 1975-Apri 7 1977
5401 West Bard Avenue
Bethesda, Mary1 and 20014 14. SOorraring ~c odm
CPSC-C-75-0068
A total of 87 traditional and functional body measurements were taken on a
sampl e of 41 27 infants, chi l dren and youths representing the U.S. population
aged 2 weeks through 18 years. Measurements were taken throughout the Unitec
States by two teams of anthropometrists using an automated anthropometric
data acquisition system. Standard anthropometers, calipers, and tape
devices were modified to read electronical fy and input dimensional data
directly to a mini-computer for data processing and storage. Summary
statistics of measurement results are reported for 16 age groups along with
scatter plots o f the data points for the sexes combined and males and
females separately. Each measurement is described along with a photograph
and ill ustration. In addition bivariate re1 ationships of selected functions'
measurements with weight or stature are provided along with regression data.
17. K q b ds 18. Shburion St-t
An thropometry
Infants, Children, Youth
Functional Measurements Unl inti ted
Automated Data Acquisition
Representative of U.S. Population
* 19. kority Ckuit (ofL is 4 1P- Udf. (d'r~i* 21. Ik of Pqmm 1/ 22. Priu
Uncl ass. Uncl ass. 628
The authors wish to grateful ly acknowledge the cooperation and
assistance provided in this mu1 tidiscipl inary effort by a large
number of dedicated individuals over the 22-month period of this
study. The measurement teams, comprised of Terri Gendel , Susan
Kornfield, Elaine Caplan, Robert Kay, and Robert Prince deserve par-
ticular credit for conscientiously and cheerfully taking the measure-
ments on 4127 subjects often under difficuf t conditions. Elizabeth
Read provided coordination of schedules for the teams with the partic-
i pating schools and teachers, as well as back-up measurement assistance.
W e are indebted to Leigh Peck for the design, fabrication, and mainten-
ance of much of the mechanical , electrical , and computer hardware; to
Elaine Umhol tz for the ill ustrations and artwork; to Kathl een Jackson
for the cover illustration; and to Carol Ann Birch, who typed the man-
uscript and maintained the records, A special thanks also to Kurt
Metzger who provided the programs and equipment for copying Linc tapes
to DEC tapes for transfer of data to the Michigan Terminal System, and
to James Freeman who was primarily responsible for implementation of the
editing programs on the HSRI PDP 11/45 computer system.
Professional contributions and assistance were provided by a
number of individuals. Dr. Larry Roi , Biostati stical Department of
the University of Michigan, gave generously of his time in assisting
with selection of alternate site locations. Dr. Guy Rieff, Professor
of Physical Education, University of Michigan, provided us the use of
.
his sampl i ng frame for selecting our measurement 1o cations The X-VAL
editing program was provided by Mr. Charles E. Clauser, Crew Systems
Integration Division, Wri ght-Patterson Air Force Base. Val uable
advice was also contributed by Joseph W. Young, Physical Anthropolo-
gist, Civil Aeromedical Institute, Federal Aviation Administration,
U. S. Department of Transportation, Oklahoma City, and by Dr. John
McConville, Nebb Associates, Yellow Springs, Ohio.
The foresight and guidance of the project officers who have
managed this program, Dr. Albert F. Esch and Technical Monitor
Donald T. Van Houten, deserve special recognition due to their major
contribution to the overall conduct of the work. This effort is the
culmination of earlier studies initiated by Carl W. Blechschmidt
(April 1972-November 1973) , and subsequent1y under the techni ca1
gui dance of John K. 0 ' Connor (November 1973-Apri 1 1974). El ai ne
Besson, formerly of the National Commission on Product Safety, pro-
vided early encouragement.
The authors also wish to express appreciation to the approxi-
mately 468 school, day care center, nursery, child care center and
baby clinic administrators, teachers, physicians, and nurses who
will ingly gave their time and generous cooperation.
And final ly, we wish to acknowl edge the 41 27 infants, children
and youth, and their parents throughout the country without whose
willing participation this study coul d not have been conducted.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
...........................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................ .. ........... i ii
......................... ,... .... ........ ..
LIST OF FIGURES v
............................................
LIST OF TABLES vii
CHAPTERS
. .......................................
I INTRODUCTION
. ....................................
A Introduction I
. ..............................
8 Related Background 2
. .................................... ..
C Objectives 5
.........................
METHODS AND PROCEDURES ..,.
....................................
A . Study Design 7
. ...........
B Measurements and Measurement Strategy 8
. ......................................
1 General 8
. ..............................
2 Ages 2-18 Years 9
. ........................
3 Infants (0-24 months) 12
. ....................
C Data Collection Procedures ., 13
. ............................
1 Measurement Teams 13
2 . Measurement Site Scheduling .................. 14
. ............................
a Public Schools 14
. ...........................
b Summer Schedule I 7
. ..................... ..
c Preschool Measuring 18
d . Measuring at HSRI and Infant Clinics ...... 18
. ..............
D Measuring Equipment and Procedures 18
. .............................
1 Computer Systems 18
. .............
2 Automated Anthropometri c Devices 19
. .......................
3 Instrument Calibration 26
. .....................
4 Data Acquisition Program 28
. .......................
a General Description 28
...................
.
b Demographic Information 28
. ...................
c Measurement Information 29
....... .. ...........
5 . Other Measuring Equipment 31
i i i
TABLE OF CONTENTS (contiw ed)
Page
. ...........................
6 Standard Measuring 34
. ..........
7 Data Handling. Editing. and Analysis 35
. ...................................:.........
III RESULTS 39
. ..........
A Description of Sample and Comparison o f 39
Measurement Sets
.........................
7. Description of Sample 39
. ............
2 Comparison of Measurements Between 43
Measurement Set Popul ations
. ......
B Measurement Results Versus Age for Subjects 43
2-18 Years
. ........
C Measurement Statistics by Body Region and 425
Age Group for Subjects 2-18 Years
. ..............
D Bi variate Re1 ationships of Selected 525
Measurements with Stature and Weight
. ........................
E Infant Measurement Results 549
. ........
F Glossary of Anatomical and Anthropometric 597
Terms
. ..............................
IV SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION 601
. .....................
A Representativeness of Sample 601
B . Resul ts with Respect to Age ...................... 603
C . Bi variate Measurement Relationships .............. 604
. ................... .
D Use of Summary Statistics ,... 605
. ..........................
E Statistical Comparisons 607
REFERENCES CITED
...............................................
BIBLIOGRAPHY 615
.................
RELATED TECHNICAL REPORTS AND PUBLICATIONS 621
........
APPENDIX .M easurement Locations by Geographic Area 625
LIST OF FIGURES
.
Figure No Caption Page
. ...........
1 Measurement Sets for 2-18 Year Olds 10. 11
. ...................
2 Infant Measurement List .,,, 13
. ................... .. ........
3 Letter to Parents 15
. ...........................~.......
4 Consent Form 15
. ....................
5 Subject Questionnaire Form I 6
........
Computer System Used for Anthropometric 19
Data Acquisition
......
Typical Measuring Set-Up Using Automated 20
Anthropometry Sys tern
..............
Drawings of Modified Cal ipers and 20
Anthropometer
............
Modified Cal ip ers and Anthroporneter 21
................... ..
Modi f i ed Tape Devi ce .,.. 22
................... ...
Center of Gravity Device
........
Center of Gravity Device Ti 1 ted to 15'
.......
Sequence of Center of Gravity Positions
.......
Plexi glass Device for Measuring Stature
and Sitting Height on C.G. Platform
.........
Center of Gravity Foot Rest Extension
...............
Pressure Transducer Calibration
...........
Finger Diameter and Hand Clearance
Measuri ng Boards
............
Grip Bar Used for Functional Reach
Measurements
.......
Portable Measuring Table and Adjustable
Foot Rest for Positioning Subjects
.....
Computer Being Loaded into Dodge Maxi-van
.........
Map of U.S. Showing Measurement Sites
...........
Measurements for 2-18 Year Subjects
..............
Standing and Sitting Measurement
11 lustrations
...............
Head. Face and Neck Measurement
I1 7 ustrations
....
Shoulder and Arm Measurement I1 1u strations
................
Hand Measurement Illustrations 5435
LIST OF FIGURES (continued)
.
Figure No Capti on Page
. .............
27 Torso. Pelvis. Leg and Foot Meas- 57. 58
urement 11 1u strations
. .......................
28 Infant Measurement List 549
. ..............
29 Infant Measurement Illustrations 551-553
30 . Weight versus Stature Scatter PI ot ............ 595
for Infants