Table Of ContentPreface
Over ten years have elapsed since the last edition of Smithells was published. Hence, a key objective
of the editors for the present edition was to update the existing content. Thus, as can be seen from
the table below, extensive changes have been made. In addition, the editors wished to expand the
coverage of Smithells, both with respect to topics that have been overlooked in previous editions
(such as metal working and machining) and to include aspects of metallurgy that have grown in
importance, since the last edition was published (for example modelling).
retpahC eltiT segnahC
1 Related designations Rewritten completely, to reflect current designations.
2 Introductory tables and Major new section added no the statistics needed for
mathematical information process and quality control, etc.
3 General physical and chemical No major changes.
constants
4 X-ray analysis of metallic materials Numerous edits to text, references updated and obsolete
information removed.
5 Crystallography Numerous edits to text.
6 Crystal chemistry Updated comprehensively to bring all crystal structure
and lattice parameter data into accord with commonly
accepted values.
7 Metallurgically important minerals Data table updated; introductory paragraphs rewritten.
8 Thermochemical data No major changes.
9 Physical properties of molten salts No changes.
01 Metallography Rewritten completely to reflect modern specimen
preparation techniques for light microscopy and
contemporary practice ni both electron microscopy and
analytical techniques. New section added on
applications ni failure analysis. Numerous new
references.
11 Equilibrium diagrams Updated comprehensively to bring all phase diagrams
into accord with commonly accepted data.
21 Gas-metal systems Section on solutions of hydrogen updated completely and
re-written.
31 Diffusion ni metals Numerous corrections, plus some new data.
41 General physical properties All data on solid pure metals has been updated to match
commonly accepted values. The section on liquid
metals has been rewritten and now includes a more
detailed narrative introduction.
Elastic properties, damping capacity Minor corrections and updating of references.
and shape memory alloys
Temperature measurement and New section on thermoelectric materials, with narrative
thermoelectric properties and data. Additional thermocouple data.
)deunitnoc(
VX
xvi Preface
retpahC eltiT segnak'(
71 Radiating properties of metals Text rev~ritten completely.
81 Electron emission Minor corrections.
91 Electrical properties New references added on superconducting materials.
20 Magnetic materials and their Text updated. Includes new references on contemporary
properties magnetic materials.
12 Mechanical testing Existing text edited extensively. Sections on tensile
testing and fracture toughness testing re-written
completely. New sections on fatigue testing, creep
testing and non-destructive evaluation added.
22 Mechanical properties of metals Minor editing of existing material: notes added
and allovs concerning the applicability' of the standards cited. New
section added to provide data for cast Ni-base alloys.
23 Sintered materials Edited extensively and updated.
24 Lubricants Extensive revisions: new data tables.
25 Friction and wear Extensive revisions: new data tables.
26 Casting alloys and lbundarv data Extensive revisions, in particular extension and updating
of the compositional and property data for foundry alloys.
27 Engineering ceramics and Extensive revisions, including new data on the properties
refractory materials of ceramics and standards for these materials.
28 Fuels Extensive revisions, in particular to energy use data and
standards.
29 Heat treatment Rewritten entirely to reflect contemporary practice in
steel and aluminium alloy heat-treatment. Provides
a much greater level of detail than the previous edition.
30 Metal cutting and forming Nero chapter providing a comprehensive overviev~ of
metal cutting and forming by both traditional and
non-traditional techniques. Replaces a chapter that was
focused narrmvlv on laser metal working.
Guide to corrosion control Rexvritten completely. Includes a new section on
biocorrosion.
Electroplating and metal finishing No changes.
Welding Extensive revisions, in particular with respect to EN and
ISO standards.
34 Soldering and brazing Extensive revisions, principally' to expand coverage with
respect to processes and to include lead-free solders.
35 Vapour deposited coatings and Coverage expanded to include a new section on thermal
thermal spraying spraying. Some revision of content on vapour deposition.
36 Superplasticitv Rmvritten completely to provide narrative and extensive
tabular infornmtion on both microstructural and
internal-stress superplastic systems.
37 Metal-matrix composites Property data expanded and updated.
38 Non-conventional and emerging New chapter providing narrative and tabular information
metallic materials on structural intermetallic compounds, metal foams,
metallic glasses and micro nanoscale materials. Includes
numerous references to both overviews and original
research.
39 Modelling and simulation New chapter providing an overview of the methods used
to model metallic materials.
40 Supporting technologies for the New chapter containing information on furnace design,
processing of metals and alloys vacuum technology' and metallurgical process control.
Bibliography' of some sources New chapter comprised of a guide to major works of
of metallurgical information reference, texts, journals, conferences, databases and
specialist search tools.
Ac kn owle d ge m e nts
'Data .t Data.t Data.t'he cried impatiently. 'I can't make bricks without clay. '
Sherlock Holmes,
in The Adventure of the Copper Beeches
by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
The editors wish to thank Mr Daniel Butts and Miss Dina Taarea of the Materials Research and
Education Center (MREC) at Auburn University (AU), for their extensive, tireless and immensely
valuablaes sistance with many aspects of the preparation of this work. Additionalh elp from .rM Venu
Gopal Krishnardula and other members of the Physical Metallurgy and Materials Joining research
group at the AU-MREC is acknowledged with thanks. WFG is also very grateful to his wife,
Dr Hyacinth Gale of the NSF Center for Advanced Vehicle Electronics (CAVE) at ,UA for her
unstinting help with this work. The editors would like to thank the many contributors to this edition,
without whom this work would not of course have been possible. A debt to both the contributors and
editors of previous editions of this work should also be recorded.
The editors would also like to remark that it is a little over half a century since the first edition of
Smithells was published. Although many of the topics in this book (bulk metallic glasses, nanoma-
terials, etc.) lay far in the future in 1949, none of these would have beenr ecorded here if it were not
for the initial efforts of C. .J Smithells.
The following bodies kindly provided permission to reproduce copyrighted material for this
edition, as acknowledged at the relevant location(s) in the text:
The Aluminum Association
The American Foundry Society (AFS)
ASM International
Association of Iron and Steel Engineers (AISE)
ASTM International
Cambridge University Press
Copper Development Association
CRC Press
Marcel Dekker
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions
National Center for Manufacturing Sciences (NCMS)
North American Die Casting Association (NADCA)
The Timken Company
In addition to the above, the following allowed use of copyrighted material in the previous edition:
British Standards Institute
Genium Publication Corporation
Institute of Gas Engineers
International Atomic Energy Agency
McGraw-Hill Book Company
w. E Gale, Auburn, AL
.T C. Totemeier, Idaho Falls, ID
xvii
Disclaimer
Although great care was exercised in the preparation of this volume, the contributors, editors and
publisher provide no warranty of any kind (explicit or implied) as to the accuracy, reliability or
applicability of the data and information contained herein. All data in this volume are provided for
general guidance only and cannot be used as evidence of: merchantability; suitability for engineering
design; fitness for a particular purpose; safety in storage, transportation or use; or other similar or
related purposes.
Information provided in this volume is derived from the relevant professional literature, or other
sources believed tboe reputable by the contributors and editors, as specified in the detailed references
provided. Where copyrighted material has been employed, this is used with permission of the copy-
right owner. Copyrighted material, used with permission, is indicated at the relevant location in the
text. Mention of trademarked product or corporate names is purely for the purposes of identification
and these remain the property of their owners and there is no intent to infringe upon ownership rights
therein. Neither the presence, nor the absence of discussions of materials, processes, products or
other items provides any indication as to the extent to which such items actually exist, are available
commercially, or constitute original inventions.
Aliln formation within this volume is used entirely at the reader's own risk. Since the circumstances
in which the contents of this volume might be employed will differ widely, the contributors, editors
and publisher can not guarantee favourable results and expresslyd eny any and all liability connected
with the use (and consequences of the use) of the information and data contained herein.
This volume is intended for readers with suitable professional qualifications, supplemented by
sufficient experience in the field, to be capable of making their own professional judgement as to
the reliability and appropriateness of the information and data contained within. Before using any
of this information or data, a suitably qualified professional/chartered engineer must be consulted,
possible risks analysed/managed and rigorous testing conducted under the actual conditions to be
experienced.
Under no circumstances, whether covered in the disclaimer above or not, shall the liability of the
contributors, editors or publisher of this work exceed the original purchase price of this volume and
this shall constitute the sole remedy available to the purchaser (and subsequent readers) of this book.
No liability is accepted for consequential or implied damages of any kind resulting from use of this
volume.
xviii
Contributors
srotubirtnoC ot this edition* snoitceS~sretpahC
J. R. Alcock 20
Department, Advanced Materials Cranfield ,ytisrevinU
,dleifnarC Bedfordshire, KU
E N. Anyalebechi 12
sondaP School of ,gnireenignE Grand yellaV State ,ytisrevinU
dnarG Rapids, ,IM ASU
S. I. Bakhtiyarov 14.2
Solidification Design ,retneC Auburn ,ytisrevinU Auburn, ,LA ASU
H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia 39
Department of Science and Materials ,ygrullateM
University of ,egdirbmaC Cambridge, KU
JT. Black 30
Department of Industrial and Systems ,gnireenignE
Auburn ,ytisrevinU Auburn, ,LA ASU
D. A. Butts 6, 11,19.2,
Research Materials and Education ,retneC Auburn ,ytisrevinU 20-Appendix
,nrubuA ,LA ASU
V. Dayal 21.7
Department of Engineering Engineering and Aerospace ,scinahceM
State Iowa ,ytisrevinU Ames, ,AI ASU
J. C. Earthman 31.5
Department of Chemical and Biochemical ,gnireenignE
ytisrevinU of ainrofilaC at Irvine, Irvine, ,AASCU
J. W. Fergus 41
Research Materials and Education ,retneC Auburn ,ytisrevinU
,nrubuA ,LA ASU
H. S. Gale 41
NSF Center for Advanced elciheV Department Electronics, of Electrical
Engineering, and Computer Auburn ,ytisrevinU Auburn, ,LA ASU
W. .F Gale 6, 10.5, 11, 28.3.3,
Research Materials and Education ,retneC Auburn 38.1-38.5, 41
,ytisrevinU Auburn, ,LA ASU
R. M. German 23
Department of and Science Engineering ,scinahceM
ainavlysnneP State ,ytisrevinU University ,kraP ,AP ASU
W. Gestwa 29.2
nanzoP University of ,ygolonhceT ,nanzoP Poland
C. Hammond 4, 5
School of Materials, University of Leeds, Leeds, KU
erehW* lairetam saw from retained eht htneveS .noitidE this saw eht ton krow of eht slaudividni nwohs .evoba
xix
xx Contributors
Contributors to this edition* Chapters
T. Itornig 35.1, 35.2
Materials Science Institute. RWTH (Aachen Universin' of ,)ygolonhceT
Aachen, Germany
.W E. Lee 27
Department of Engineering Materials. ehT Universin" of Sheffield,
Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
D.Y. Li 24,25
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Universin" olAlberta,
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
E. Lugscheider 35
Materials Science Institute, RWTH (Aachen l~liversita' o/Technology),
Aachen, Germany
D. S. MacKenzie 29.3
Houghton International, fhllev Forge, .AP ASU
S. Maghsoodloo 2.2.7
Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Auburn ,,OisrevinU
Auburn, AL, ASU
M. .F Modest 17
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pennsvh'ania State Universita.
University Park, ,AP ASU
S. B. Newcomb 10.4
Sonsam Ltd, Newport, .oC Yipperw3. h'eland
T. G. Nieh 36
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratom; Livermore. ,AC ASU
R.A. Overfelt 26
Solidification Design Centei: Auburn L ;ati~revil) Auburn, ,LA ASU
G. Ozdemir 2.2.7
Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Auburn ,'OisrevinU
Auburn, AL, ASU
L. N. Payton 30
Department of Industrial and smets'~S Engineering 0low with Materials
Research and Education Center), Auburn UniversiO; Auburn, ,LA ASU
.P a. Pinhero 33
Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratom.
Idaho Falls, ,DI ASU
D. L. Porter 22
Argonne National Laboratom'- .tseW htaho Falls. .DI ASU
B. C. Prorok 38.6
Materials Research and Education Centel: Auburn ;nisre'~inU
Auburn, AL, ASU
M. Przylecka 29.2
Poznan Universin, of .ygolonhceT Poznan, Poland
D. Pye 29.2, 40.2
Pve Metallurgical Consulting bin.. Meadville, .AP ASU
R. J. Reid 40.3
CCLRC Daresburv Laboratom. Daresbum'. IIbrrington, Cheshire, KU
M.A. Reuter 40.4
Resource Engineering Section. Department olApplied Earth Sciences,
TU Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
erehW* material saw retained #ore tile xeS hmc .noitidE this saw lon eht work of eht xidni iduals sho~ n .evoba
Contributors xxi
Contributors ot this edition* sretpahC
K. Seemann 35.3
Materials Science Institute, RWHT (Aachen Universi ,O of ,)ygolonhceT
Aachen Germany
M. R. Scheinfein 81
Department of Physics and ,ymonortsA Arizona State ,ytisrevinU
,epmeT ,ZA ASU
(Now at Department of Physics, Simon Fraser Universi~, ,ybanruB
British Columbia, Canada)
C.A. Schuh 36
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of ,ygolonhceT Cambridge, ,AM ASU
C. Shannon 16.3
Department of ,yrtsimehC Auburn ;OisrevinU Auburn, ,LA ASU
Y, Sohn 31
Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis ,letneC
University of Central Florida, Orlando, ,LF ASU
D. Taarea 14.1, 19.2,
Materials Research and Education ,retneC 20-Appendix,
Auburn ,ytisrevinU Auburn, ,LA ASU Tables 26.28, 26.34,
26.46,26.47
T. C. Totemeier ,1 10.7, 21, 22
Idaho National Engineering and Environmental ,TJotarobaL
Idaho Falls, ,DI ASU
G. E. Totten 29.2
.E.G Associates, & Totten LLC, Seattle, ,AW ASU
H. Tsai 51
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State ,'OisrevinU
East Lansing, ,IM ASU
G. .F Vander Voort 10.1-10.3
Buehler Ltd., Lake Bluff ,LI ASU
A. Williams 28
Department of Fuel and ,,ygrenE Universi ,O of Leeds, Leeds, KU
.P J. Withers 37
Manchester Materials Science Centre, Universi ,O of ,TSIMU/retsehcnaM
,retsehcnaM KU
Y. Yang 40.4
Engineering Resource Section, Department of Applied Earth ,secneicS
TU Delft, ehT Netherlands
B. Yaryar 7
Department of Mining Engineering, Colorado School of ,seniM
,nedloG ,OC ASU
Y. Zhou 33, 34
Department of Mechanical Engineering, 'atisrevinU of ,oolretaW
,oolretaW ,NO Canada
erehW* lairetam saw deniater morf eht htneveS ,noitidE this sa,v ton eht krovx of eht slaudividni nvxohs .evoba
Related designations
The following tables of related designations are intended as a guide to alloy correspondence on the
basis of chemical composition. The equivalentss hould not be taken as exact, and in all cases of doubt
the relevant national specification or standard should be consulted. The tables do not represent an
exhaustive list of all alloys available; the references listed at the end of the chapter are morec omplete
sources.
In the case of the United Kingdom, France, and Germany, the tables refer to designations and
standards that have recently been superseded by European (EN) and international (ISO) standards.
The older standards have been referenced because the alloy designations are stilli n common use, and
because the new standards use in some cases several different designations for chemically identical
alloys, depending on the product form. A list of all designations is beyond the scope of this book;
the references should be consulted for further details.
Table 1.1 lists designations for steels, with subsections for steels of different types. Designations
for wrought aluminium alloys are listed Taibnl e c1a.s2t; aluminium alloys are shown Taibnl e 22.2.
Table 3.1 gives related copper alloy designations, subdivided into coppers, brasses, bronzes, and
nickel silvers. Magnesium alloys cast and wrought are in Table 1.4. Related designations for nickel
and titanium alloys are listed in Sections 22.5 and 22.6, respectively.
Unified number designations--UNS designations are five-digit numbers prefixed by a letter that
characterises the alloy system as shown below.
UNS Letter Designation l
A Aluminium and aluminium alloys
B Copper and copper alloys
D Specified mechanical properties steels
E Rare earth and rare earth like metals and alloys
F Cast irons and cast steels
G AISI and SAE carbon and alloy steels
H AISI H-steels
J Cast steels (except tool steels)
K Miscellaneous steels and ferrous alloys
L Low melting metals and alloys
M Miscellaneous nonferrous metals and alloys
N Nickel and nickel alloys
P Precious metals and alloys
R Reactive and refractory metals and alloys
S Heat and corrosion resistant (stainless) steels
T Tool steels
W Welding filler metals
1-1
1-2
Related
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