Table Of ContentSmart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation 4
Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay
Alex Mason Editors
Smart Sensors for Real-Time
Water Quality Monitoring
Smart Sensors, Measurement
and Instrumentation 4
SeriesEditor
SubhasChandraMukhopadhyay
SchoolofEngineeringandAdvancedTechnology(SEAT)
MasseyUniversity(Turitea)
PalmerstonNorth
NewZealand
E-mail:[email protected]
Forfurthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/10617
Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay
and Alex Mason (Eds.)
Smart Sensors for Real-Time
Water Quality Monitoring
ABC
Editors
Prof.SubhasChandraMukhopadhyay
MasseyUniversity(Manawatu)
PalmerstonNorth
NewZealand
Dr.AlexMason
TheSchoolofBuiltEnvironment
LiverpoolJohnMooresUniversity
Liverpool
UK
ISSN2194-8402 ISSN2194-8410 (electronic)
ISBN978-3-642-37005-2 ISBN978-3-642-37006-9 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-37006-9
SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013932787
(cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013
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Editorial
Potable water is a finite resource which is key to continued sustainable development.
However, maintaining sufficient clean water to meet our growing needs is becoming
increasinglychallenging;factorssuchasclimatechange,naturaldisastersandourown
industrialdevelopmentareasignificantthreattothecleanlinessofwatersupplies.Some
problems have been present for a long time but have only recently reached a critical
level,whileothersarenewlyemerging.Whateverthecause,thereisthegrowingneed
for the water industry to tighten its control and develop its understanding of what is
happening to water resources in both fine detail and in real-time. In doing this, key
information will be available, allowing industries and authorities to characterize and
identifychangesortrendsinwaterpropertiesovertime,andidentifynewthreatstowa-
terquality.Obviouslyhavingsuchinformationisonlypartofasolutiontothisstruggle
however,butitisenvisagedthatthisinformationwillallow:
(1) assistinginthesettingofspecificcontaminantpreventionorremediationprograms;
(2) determinationofwhethercurrentgoals(e.g.legislationcompliance)arebeingmet;
(3) respondingtoissuesastheyhappen,thusprovidingforincreasedreal-timepreven-
tativemeasuresratherthanpost-eventremediation.
Although having such aspirations is admirable,it will not be possible withoutsig-
nificantcollaborationbetweenindustry,legislativebodiesandresearchers.Fromaleg-
islativeperspective,pressuremustbemaintainedtoensurethatthewaterindustryand
itsuserstrivetowardbettermanagementanddistributionofwatersources.Inaddition,
factorsimpactingonwatersourcessuchaslandfill,agricultureandindustrialsitesalso
requirestrictcontroltoensurethattheycontinuetoimproveandobservebestpractice
policies. Where contamination is a natural occurrence and remediation strategies are
executed,carefulmonitoringoftheprocesswillbenecessarytoensurethatthestrategy
isappropriateandprovidetimelyinformationformodificationwherenecessary.
Ensuringthatallconcernedareplayingtheirpartasintendedwillrequireincreased
monitoring,andforthisweneedresearcherstoengageindevelopingappropriatesmart
sensors and sensor systems. Such systems will need to be low-cost so that they can
beappliedin situ,robust,maintenancefreeandeasyto deploy.Thesensorsor sensor
systemswillalso requiresomelevelofintelligencein orderto determinewhetherthe
VI Editorial
sensordataretrievedfromthefieldisofimportance,andperhapsalsoinwhatcontext
it is importantso thatan appropriateautomatedor humanresponsecan be instigated.
Furthermore,andperhapsthegreatestchallengeofall,sensorsshouldprovideinforma-
tiononawiderangeofwatercontaminantsinordertoreducewidearrayofinstruments
requiredcurrentlyforthepurposesofqualitymonitoring.
Inordertosupportthecurrentrequirementsofthewaterindustrytopreserveourlim-
itedfreshwatersupplies,thisbookaimstopromotethediscussiononcurrenttrendsin
waterqualitymonitoring,includingtopicssuchassensors,thesupportingtechnologies
andalsosomeoftheissueswhichareemergingcurrentlyfromaresearchperspective.
Afterapeer-reviewprocesseswehaveselected12workpresentationsthatcovervarious
aspectsofwaterqualitymonitoring.
The bookfocusesonthree main themes;literaturereview,examplesof technology
andpracticeandsupportingtechnologies/futuretrends.ThusthebookbeginsinChap-
ter1byprovidinga verygeneraloverviewofthecurrentcontaminantsofconcernfor
the wastewater industry and the available sensor technologies with which these con-
taminants have been detected to varying extents. Popular systems in use by industry
(suchasultravioletandmassspectroscopy)arediscussedinadditiontosometechnolo-
gieswhicharestillwithintheresearchdomain.ThisiscontinuedinChapter2,which
discussesthedetectionofphosphatesinseawater,comparingtheavailablespectropho-
tometric technologies for this purpose. The chapter then continues by discussing the
futurepotentialof electrochemicaltechniques,andthisis supplementedbyChapter3
whichdescribesfluorescenceandphosphorescencechemicalsensorsappliedto water
samples.Chapter4,writtenbygroupinSpainwellknownfortheworkin theareaof
voltammetricelectronictongues,discussestheprincipleandapplicationofthistechnol-
ogyinthecaseofwatercontaminationanalysis.Finallyfortheliteraturereviewsection,
Chapter5discussestheautomationofwateranalysissystemswithafocusparticularly
onSequentialInjectionAnalysis.
Whileitisinterestingtohaveagoodbackgroundoftheavailabletechnologiesand
howdevicesoperateorperform,manyalsofinditinterestingtoseetheimplementation
or results of practical use of such systems. From such examples we gain experience
ofthechallengesfacedwhendeployingsensorsystems,andtrulygetafeelingforthe
current state of technology. Thus, the next section of the book focuses on this area,
beginningwithChapter6,whichdiscussesanopticalsystemfrominitialdesigntoin-
dustrial prototypeand shares real-worldresults and associated experiences,including
aspectssuchasbiofoulingwhichisapressingconcernformanylong-termsensorsys-
tems in aquatic environments. Chapter 7 describes and critically analyses the results
ofa surveyinGuyana,wherea numberofsites weretested usinganultravioletspec-
troscopymethodtodetermineiftheirnitratecontaminationlevelswerewithinaccept-
ablelimits.Chapters8and9presenttheuseofelectromagneticandmicrowavesensor
devices respectively for water monitoring and analysis, offering an alternative to the
almost standardoptical methodswhich have seen reasonablywidespread commercial
adoption in recent years. This section is then roundedoff with work from a group in
China,whohavebeenlookingatwatermonitoringinanalternativesensetotheother
workspresentedinthisbook;i.e.consideringthequalityofwaterinfishfarming.
Editorial VII
Thefinalsectionofthisbookisintendedtoofferaglimpseintothefutureofwater
monitoringandqualitysystems.Chapter11looksathowInformationandCommunica-
tionTechnology(ICT)isorcanassistinthewaterindustrytobecomemoreresponsive
tocontaminationoccurrence.Whilethischapterisnotfocusedonsensorsparticularly,
we must remember that sensors themselves are not standalone devices. Instead, they
require a wide range of support from ICT including data transport and storage, data
evaluationandalsoappropriatepresentation.Thus,itmustberecognizedthatICThas
an important role to play in the monitoring of water quality in order to ensure key
objectivesaremet,includingstakeholderparticipation,pollutionandwaterqualitycon-
trol,monitoringforemergencypreventionanddetection,economicandfinancialman-
agement, information managementand smart water distribution. Chapter 12 takes an
alternativecourse,lookingnotatsensorsorsensorsystems,butratheratemergingcon-
taminants. While this book is dominantly focused on sensors and is intended to help
promotediscussionregardingthetechnology,itisimportantthatweremainfocusedon
the challengesfaced in the realworld;the currentones,and the oneswe are likely to
face more and more in the future. Hence, Chapter 12 providesa timely and welcome
conclusiontothisbookbyhelpingusestablishalsothetypesofcontaminantsweneed
tobedetectinginthefuture.
This book is written for academic and industry professionals working in the field
of water quality monitoring,and is positionedto givean overviewto the state of this
disciplinein relation to the sensorsavailableandenvisagedforthe future,in addition
totheissues facedin theirimplementationandthediverserangeofcontaminantsthat
theymustbeabletodetect.
Wewouldliketoexpressourappreciationtoourdistinguishedauthorsofthechap-
terswhoseexpertiseandprofessionalismhascertainlycontributedsignificantlytothis
book.
AlexMason,GuestEditor
BuiltEnvironmentandSustainableTechnologiesResearchInstitute
SchoolofBuiltEnvironment
LiverpoolJohnMooresUniversity
Liverpool
UnitedKingdom
[email protected]
SubhasChandraMukhopadhyay,GuestEditor
SchoolofEngineeringandAdvancedTechnology(SEAT)
MasseyUniversity(ManawatuCampus)
PalmerstonNorth
NewZealand
[email protected]
VIII Editorial
Dr.AlexMasongraduatedfromtheUniversityofLiv-
erpool, UK, with a first class honors degree in Com-
puterandMultimediaSystems,afterwhichhewentonto
completea PhD in Wireless Sensor Networksand their
Industrial Applications at Liverpool John Moores Uni-
versity(LJMU),UK.UponcompletinghisPhDin2008,
heconcentratedfor2yearssolelyonresearch,working
on aspects of non-invasive and non-destructive sensing
forthehealthcare,automotiveanddefensesectors.
Since2010,Dr.MasonhasheldapositionasaSeniorLecturerwithintheSchoolof
Built Environmentat LJMU and hascontinuedresearchin healthcareand defense,in
additiontonewareassuchaswaterqualitymonitoring.Sincebecomingmoreinvolved
inBuiltEnvironmentissues,hehasalsodevelopedaninterestinStructuralHealthMon-
itoringandiscurrentlyworkingcloselywiththeUKDefenseScienceandTechnology
Laboratoriesinthisfield.
Dr Mason is responsible for supervising a numberof PhD students in the areas of
sensing and renewable energy technologies, has coauthored over 90 publications (in-
cluding4 patents),has helpedto organizenationaland internationalconferences,and
giveanumberofinvitedtalksonhiswork.HeisalsoanactivememberoftheIETin
theUK.
Dr.SubhasChandraMukhopadhyaygraduatedfrom
the Department of Electrical Engineering, Jadavpur
University,Calcutta, Indiain1987with a Goldmedal
and received the Master of ElectricalEngineeringde-
gree from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, In-
dia in 1989.He obtainedthe PhD (Eng.) degreefrom
Jadavpur University,India in 1994 and Doctor of En-
gineeringdegree from Kanazawa University,Japan in
2000.
Currently, he is working as a Professor of Sens-
ing Technology with the School of Engineering and
AdvancedTechnology,MasseyUniversity,Palmerston
North, New Zealand. His fields of interest include
SmartSensorsandSensingTechnology,WirelessSen-
sorsNetwork,Electromagnetics,control,electricalmachinesandnumericalfieldcalcu-
lationetc.
Hehasauthored/co-authoredover270papersindifferentinternationaljournalsand
conferences,editednineconferenceproceedings.Hehasalsoeditedtenspecialissues
ofinternationaljournalsandtwelvebookswithSpringer-Verlagasguesteditor.
He is a Fellow of IEEE, a Fellow of IET (UK), an associate editor of IEEE Sen-
sorsjournalandIEEETransactionsonInstrumentationandMeasurements.Heisalsoa
TechnicalEditorofIEEETransactionsonMechatronics.HeisaDistinguishedLecturer
ofIEEESensorscouncil.Heisintheeditorialboardofmanyinternationaljournals.He
has organized many international conferences either as a General Chair or Technical
programmechair.
Contents
MonitoringPollutantsinWastewater:TraditionalLabBasedversus
ModernReal-TimeApproaches...................................... 1
O.Korostynska,A.Mason,A.I.Al-Shamma’a
InSituPhosphateMonitoringinSeawater:TodayandTomorrow......... 25
J.Jon´ca,M.Comtat,V.Garc¸on
FluorescenceandPhosphorescenceChemicalSensorsAppliedtoWater
Samples ......................................................... 45
G.A.Iban˜ez,G.M.Escandar
Monitoring WastewaterTreatment Using Voltammetric Electronic
Tongues ......................................................... 65
J.Soto,I.Campos,R.Mart´ınez-Ma´n˜ez
AutomaticWaterandWastewaterQualityMonitoringSystems........... 105
V.Cerda`,J.Avivar,L.Ferrer,L.O.Leal
DevelopmentandDeploymentof a Microfluidic PlatformforWater
QualityMonitoring................................................ 125
J.Cleary,D.Maher,D.Diamond
NitrateAnionSensors:TheirApplicationsandaCaseStudyofTheir
StatusinWasteWaterfromSelectedAreasofCoastalGuyanaviaa
SpectrophotometricMethod ........................................ 149
R.C.Jagessar
The Selection of Novel Planar Electromagnetic Sensors for the
ApplicationofNitrateContaminationDetection........................ 171
M.A. Md. Yunus, S.C. Mukhopadhyay,M.S.A. Rahman, N.S. Zahidin,
S.Ibrahim
MicrowaveSensorsforReal-TimeNutrientsDetectioninWater .......... 197
A.Mason,O.Korostynska,A.I.Al-Shamma’a
X Contents
RemoteMonitoringofWaterQualityforIntensiveFishCulture .......... 217
D.Li,S.Liu
ICTasanEnablertoSmartWaterManagement ....................... 239
V.Sempere-Paya´,D.Todol´ı-Ferrandis,S.Santonja-Climent
EmergingOrganicContaminantsinGroundwater...................... 259
MarianneStuart,DanLapworth
AuthorIndex ........................................................ 285
