Smart Nanostructure Materials and Sensor Technology

304 Pages·2022·10.349 MB·English

by  Rakesh Kumar Sonker, Kedar Singh, Rajendra Sonkawade

Rakesh Kumar Sonker
Kedar Singh
Rajendra Sonkawade   Editors
Smart
Nanostructure
Materials
and Sensor
Technology
Smart Nanostructure Materials and Sensor
Technology
· ·
Rakesh Kumar Sonker Kedar Singh
Rajendra Sonkawade
Editors
Smart Nanostructure
Materials and Sensor
Technology
Editors
Rakesh Kumar Sonker Kedar Singh
Department of Physics School of Physical Sciences
Acharya Narendra Dev College Jawaharlal Nehru University
University of Delhi New Delhi, India
New Delhi, India
Rajendra Sonkawade
Department of Physics
Shivaji University
Kolhapur, India
ISBN 978-981-19-2684-6 ISBN 978-981-19-2685-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2685-3
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022
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Contents
1 Smart Nanomaterials and Sensing Devices: An Introduction ...... 1
Virendra Kumar, Vandana Nagal, Ajit Kumar,
Ashwani Kumar Singh, Aurangzeb Khurram Hafiz,
and Kedar Singh
2 Fundamentals of Nanomaterials and Design Concepts
for Sensing Devices ............................................ 23
Arpit Gaur, Priyanka Bisht, and Rabindra Nath Mahato
3 General Methods for Fabrication of Sensing Devices .............. 51
Deepika Gupta, Vishnu Chauhan, Sonica Upadhyay,
Manoj Kumar Khanna, and Rajesh Kumar
4 Functional Nanomaterials for Sensing Devices ................... 77
Meenal D. Patil, Suprimkumar D. Dhas, Umesh V. Shembade,
Manoj D. Patil, and Annasaheb V. Moholkar
5 Micro and Nanofibers-Based Sensing Devices .................... 97
Utkarsh Kumar, R. Gautam, Rakesh K. Sonker, B. C. Yadav,
Kuen-Lin Chan, Chiu-Hsin Wu, and Wen-Min Huang
6 Environmental Impact of Sensing Devices ....................... 113
S. Bansal, K. Singh, S. Sarkar, P. C. Pandey, J. Verma, M. Yadav,
L. Chandra, N. K. Vishwkarma, B. Goswami, S. C. Sonkar,
and B. C. Koner
7 Advanced Carbon-Based Gas Sensors ........................... 139
Ajit Kumar, Jagdees Prasad, Virendra Kumar, Raju Kumar,
Ashwani Kumar Singh, and Kedar Singh
8 2D/3D Material for Gas Sensor ................................. 161
Ankita Rawat and P. K. Kulriya
9 Gas Sensors Based on Metal Oxide .............................. 179
Kush Rana and Rakesh K. Sonker
v
vi Contents
10 Gas Sensors Based on Chalcogenides ............................ 201
Sharadrao A. Vanalakar, Shamkumar P. Deshmukh,
and Satish M. Patil
11 Metal-Organic Frameworks for Gas Sensors ..................... 225
Ajeet Singh, Samiksha Sikarwar, and Bal Chandra Yadav
12 Perovskite-Based Gas Sensors .................................. 245
Rahul Johari, Shambhavi, Utkarsh Kumar, Rakesh K. Sonker,
Pawan Kumar, Siddhartha, Renu Singh, Devesh Garg,
Okai Victor, Pramod K. Singh, Zishan H. Khan,
and Kaushlendra Agrahari
13 Gas Sensors Based on Hybrid Nanomaterial ..................... 261
Satyashila D. Ghongade, Maqsood R. Waikar, Rakesh K. Sonker,
Shiv K. Chakarvarti, and Rajendra G. Sonkawade
14 Gas Sensor Based on Ferrite Materials .......................... 285
Azeem M. Bagwan, Maqsood R. Waikar, Rakesh K. Sonker,
Shiv Kumar Chakarvarti, and Rajendra G. Sonkawade
Chapter 1
Smart Nanomaterials and Sensing
Devices: An Introduction
Virendra Kumar, Vandana Nagal, Ajit Kumar, Ashwani Kumar Singh,
Aurangzeb Khurram Hafiz, and Kedar Singh
Abstract Nanotechnology-adapted sensing technologies or sensing devices could
detect environmental changes with the help of computer processors where signal can
be readout. With the evolution in advancement of nanotechnology, it has sparked
recently in the sensing field also and opened new windows for future engineered
devices having great performance. To meet social demands, such as hazard chem-
ical detection, pollution problems and environmental remediation, harmful energy
detection, and biomedical treatments, etc., sensors plays an important role. The smart
nanomaterials of different dimensions like 0D, 1D, and 2D improved device sensi-
tivity. From smart nanomaterials, synthesis to device fabrication via well-known top-
down technology in synergistic with bottom-up advances will allow nanostructures
full exploitation at a sensor device scale. This trend of advancement in nanomaterials
will continuously evolve sensing technology, and in turn, its impact on our daily life
will be visible.
· · · ·
Keywords Nanomaterials Quantum dots Sensing Devices Gas sensor
1.1 Introduction
Energy storage, medical diagnostics, food technology, and sensor applications all
use nanotechnologies and nanomaterials in nanoscale devices [1]. Nanomaterials
are a novel class of materials with a wide range of fascinating applications in fields
requiring light emission and absorption, including in vivo imaging, light-emitting
B
V. Kumar ( ) · A. Kumar · K. Singh
Nanotechnology Lab, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), New
Delhi 110067, India
e-mail: [email protected]
V. Nagal · A. K. Hafiz
Quantum and Nano-photonics Research Laboratory, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,
Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
A. K. Singh
Department of Physics, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019,
India
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022 1
R. K. Sonker et al. (eds.), Smart Nanostructure Materials and Sensor Technology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2685-3_1
2 V.Kumaretal.
devices, photodetection, and solar energy conversion, to name a few [2]. Nanomate-
rials are used to design and develop novel optoelectronic devices (photonics devices)
that improve performance while lowering costs [1]. A nanostructure can be classified
as (1) 0D (quantum dots), (2) 1D (quantum wires, rods, belts, and tubes), or (3) 2D
(thin films or quantum wells, for example) [3]. Monodisperse colloidal semicon-
ductor nanocrystals (NCs) have been synthesised using the hot precursor injection
approach since 1993. This method allows semiconductor particles to grow in solution,
resulting in quantum restricted materials with an atom-like spectrum [4]. Because
of their narrow, size-tunable emission spectra and broad absorption and excitation
spectrum, monodisperse colloidal NCs are well suited for solution-based processing.
These properties make visible-emitting NCs particularly interesting for lighting and
display applications [2]. Because of the lower control and carrier mobilities associ-
ated with colloidal syntheses than those produced using conventional methods, the
semiconductor world has been sceptical for a long time. Various methods, such as
top-down approaches (e.g. electron beam lithography, reactive ion etching/or wet-
chemical etching), or bottom approaches, can be used to synthesise NCs [4]. The
NCs were synthesised using a variety of self-assembly strategies in the bottom-
up approach, which can be roughly separated into wet-chemical and vapour-phase
procedures. Microemulsion, sol–gel, competitive reaction chemistry, hot-solution
decomposition (i.e. the aforementioned hot-injection approach), and electrochem-
istry are all considered wet-chemical processes. Vapour-phase approaches include
self-assembly of nanostructures in material generated via molecular beam epitaxy
(MBE), sputtering, liquid metal ion sources, and gaseous monomer aggregation [3].
As a result, significant improvement has been made in size, form, and composition
management over the previous 30 years. More than half of the periodic table can now
be used in NCs form [4]. Apart from the aforementioned applications, researchers are
focusing on the development of small-scale gas sensors for applications ranging from
dangerous gas detection to manufacturing process monitoring [5]. Nitrogen dioxide
(NO ) is a major air pollutant that can have substantial health and environmental
2
consequences. This necessitates the development of gas sensing materials that can
detect NO quickly and recover promptly at low temperatures [6]. For decades, gas
2
sensors have been used to detect harmful chemicals at various temperatures. Most
researchers strive to create gas sensors that can operate at low concentrations and
low temperatures, taking into account industry concerns about worker safety [1].
As liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and other high-risk gases become more regu-
larly used in industrial and home applications, the demand for high-performance
and effective gas sensors with appropriate detecting materials has increased [5].
Because of their advantages and novel chemical and physical properties, metal oxides
have attracted curiosity. Due to their excellent compatibility with microelectronics
and low cost, metal oxide-based gas sensors have been widely investigated in this
manner. Nanostructured semiconducting oxide materials like [1] TiO , SrFe O ,
2 12 19
hBN, CdS [6], ZnO, Fe O , WO , and SnO are widely used as sensing materials
2 3 3 2
to detect toxic and hazardous gases such as NH ,CO ,H S, H , ethanol, acetone,
3 2 2 2
and NO gases [1] due to their high sensitivity, quick response, easy availability, low
2
cost, and good recovery. Metal oxide sensors have been discovered to be capable of
1 SmartNanomaterialsandSensingDevices:AnIntroduction 3
detecting hazardous gases, such as LPG and NO , at high temperatures, in terms of
2
sensitivity, long-term stability, selectivity, and other factors [7]. Various methods for
synthesising the above-mentioned sensing materials have been developed to date,
including hydrothermal or solvothermal, reflux, precipitation, dip and spin coating,
dc sputtering method, chemical method, and screen printing method [1].
1.1.1 Different Types of Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles can be classified based on their physical appearance and chem-
ical properties. Semiconductor nanoparticles, carbon-based nanoparticles, ceramic
nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles are such few examples.
1.2 Briefing of Smart Nanomaterials
1.2.1 Semiconductor Nanoparticles (i.e. Colloidal Quantum
Dots)
Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanocrystals with a diameter of
roughly 1–10 nm and hundreds to thousands of atoms [8–10]. Size-dependent elec-
tronic structure and photoluminescence (PL) emission from a phenomenon known as
quantum confinement are two of the most distinguishing characteristics of QDs [8,
11]. For this chapter, semiconductor QD nanomaterials are divided into cadmium
chalcogenides (group II–VI semiconductors), lead chalcogenides (group IV–VI
semiconductors), non-heavy metal compounds (groups III–VI, I–III–VI, and I–VI
semiconductors), silicon (group IV semiconductor), and cesium lead halide (groups
I–IV–VII semiconductors).
3
1.2.2 II − VI QDs
The first colloidal semiconductor material in which quantum confinement detected
was CdS nanocrystals [12, 13]. Cadmium chalcogenide (CdX, X = S, Se, Te) semi-
conductors are still the most frequently utilised QD materials, as can be seen in
Fig. 1.1a[14], and they continue to set the standard for PL. Similarly, the thought of
extending the optical characteristic of NCs into the red and near-infrared ranges
spurred the creation of mercury chalcogenide (HgX, X = S, Se, and Te) NCs
[15]. The use of HgX NCs as broadband optical amplifiers in the telecommuni-
cation spectrum at wavelengths between 1.3 and 1.5 µm was the first use of HgX
NCs. In the early 2000s, HgTe NCs were first employed in the telecom industry
4 V.Kumaretal.
Fig. 1.1 a TEM image of spherical particles having a mean diameter of 4.88 ± 0.19 nm. There
was no size selection made. The scale bar measures 50 nm. Adapted with permission from ref
[14]. Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society. b Angular nanoparticles of 5.5 nm may be seen
in this HR-TEM image. Here, 20 nm is the scale bar. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [22].
Copyright 2014 American Chemical Society. c PbS QDs TEM picture. The scale bar measures
10 nm. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [32]. Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society.
d Images of InP QDs taken using a TEM (scale bar 20 nm). Adapted with permission from Ref.
[2]. Copyright 2015 American Chemical Society. e CuInS2 QDs TEM image (scale bar 50 nm).
Adapted with the permission from ref [42]. Copyright 2009 American Chemical Society. f Ag2S
QDs TEM picture, scale bar 20 nm. Reprinted with the permission from ref [43]. Copyright 2014
American Chemical Society. g Si QDs TEM images with a 20 nm scale bar. Reproduced from Ref.
[44]. Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society. h TEM photographs of CsPbBr3 NCs with an
edge length of 10.0 nm. Reprinted with the permission from Ref. [47]. Copyright 2019 American
Chemical Society