Table Of ContentSmart Materials in Additive
Manufacturing, Volume 1: 4D
Printing Principles and Fabrication
This page intentionally left blank
Additive Manufacturing Materials and
Technologies Series
Smart Materials in
Additive Manufacturing,
Volume 1: 4D Printing
Principles and Fabrication
Edited by
Mahdi Bodaghi
Ali Zolfagharian
Elsevier
Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands
TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom
50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates
Copyright©2022ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic
ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,
withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,further
informationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizations
suchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatour
website:www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe
Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperience
broadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedical
treatmentmaybecomenecessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluating
andusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuch
informationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,including
partiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assume
anyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,
negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideas
containedinthematerialherein.
ISBN:978-0-12-824082-3
ForinformationonallElsevierpublications
visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher:MatthewDeans
AcquisitionsEditor:DennisMcGonagle
EditorialProjectManager:RachelPomery
ProductionProjectManager:SuryaNarayananJayachandran
CoverDesigner:ChristianBilbow
TypesetbySTRAIVE,India
Dedication
This book is dedicated to my great parents, Mohammad and Kokab,
who raised me with love, compassion, and a sense of appreciation for
knowledge and innovation; and to my lovely wife for her patience,
support, and adventurous spirit.
— Mahdi Bodaghi
This book is dedicated to my parents and sisters for their consistent
support,tomywifeforherpatienceandcompany,andtomyson,Alan,
for motivating me to keep going.
— Ali Zolfagharian
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Contributors xi
Editorsbiography xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
1 4D printing principles and manufacturing 1
Mahdi Bodaghi and Ali Zolfagharian
Introduction 1
Series I: Smartmaterials andstructure: 4D printing principles
and manufacturing 2
References 13
2 4D-printed dielectric elastomer soft robots:
Modeling and fabrications 19
Daewon Kim and StanislavSikulskyi
Introduction 19
Configurations 20
Modeling 23
Fabrication 28
Conclusion 45
References 46
3 4D-printed light-responsive structures 55
Zhongying Ji, Pan Jiang,RuiGuo, Khan Rajib Hossain,
andXiaolong Wang
Introduction 55
Design principles and activation mechanisms 57
Light-responsivematerials used for 4D printing 71
4D-printedlight-responsivebehaviorsandemergingapplications 83
Conclusion 90
References 91
4 4D-printed low-voltage electroactive polymers modeling
and fabrication 107
BinLuo, Zicai Zhu, Xuejie Xu, and Changsheng Bian
Introduction 107
Direct ink writing technology 111
viii Contents
Measurement ofpolymer sensorsand actuators 114
4D-printedlow-voltage electroactive polymers 116
Integrated polymer sensorand actuator via multi-material DIW 141
Conclusions 146
References 147
5 4D-printed stimuli-responsive hydrogels modeling
and fabrication 151
Ana P. Piedade and Ana C. Pinho
Introduction 151
4D stimuliin hydrogels 153
Smart hydrogels design strategies 159
Fabrication techniques 162
Smart polymers for responsivehydrogels 167
Conclusions 184
Acknowledgments 185
References 185
6 4D bioprinting:Fabrication approachesandbiomedical
applications 193
Moqaddaseh Afzali Naniz, MohsenAskari,Ali Zolfagharian,
and Mahdi Bodaghi
Introduction 193
4D bioprinting 194
Current limitations and future perspectives of4D
bioprinting 218
Conclusions 220
References 220
7 4D Microprinting 231
Li-Yun Hsu,Christoph Alexander Spiegel, and Eva Blasco
Introduction to4D printing at the microscale 231
4D microstructuresbased on stimuli-responsivehydrogels 231
Shape memory in4D microprinting 238
Liquid crystalline 4D microstructures 241
Compositematerials in 4D microprinting 248
Conclusion andoutlook 255
References 256
8 4D printingofgelsand soft materials 265
KumkumAhmedand MD NahinIslam Shiblee
Introduction 265
Differenttypes ofsoft materials in4D printing 267
4D printing with hydrogel-based system 267
Applications of4D printing based on soft materials 282
References 290
Contents ix
9 4D printing ofnatural fiber composite 297
Antoine LeDuigouand DavidCorrea
Introduction 297
Natural fibers andtheir composites: Abackground 298
Hygromorphbiocomposites (HBCs): Novelfunctionality for natural
fiberbiocompositeinspiredfromadaptivebiologicalstructure 308
4D printing ofHBC 313
Conclusion 325
References 327
10 Functionalized 4D-printed sensor systems 335
MohammadAlshawabkeh and Lisa-Marie Faller
Additive fabrication technologies 335
Applications 339
Outlook for additivemanufacturing 353
4D-printedsensordevelopment 356
Conclusion 363
References 364
Further reading 370
11 Origami-inspired 4D printing 373
Mehrshad Mehrpouya and Wei Min Huang
Introduction 373
Materials and methods 376
Design concepts and fabrication techniques 386
Conclusion 390
References 392
12 Reversible4Dprinting 395
Amelia Yilin Lee, Jia An,Yi Zhang, and Chee KaiChua
Introduction 395
Reversible shape memory polymers(SMPs) 396
Reversible 4D printing 399
Challengesand the future 410
References 414
13 Roadmapping4D printingthrough disruptive ideas 419
Fre(cid:1)de(cid:1)ricDemoly andJean-Claude Andre(cid:1)
Introduction 419
Amatter ofdefinition 422
Where are we in4D printing? 425
Asurvey tobreak the deadlock? 433
Toward aroadmap? 439
Conclusion 444
References 446
Further reading 454
Index 457
