Table Of Content(cid:2)
SmartHybridAC/DCMicrogrids
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Smart Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids
Power Management, Energy Management, and Power
Quality Control
Yunwei Ryan Li
Farzam Nejabatkhah
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Hao Tian
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2023
©2023JohnWiley&SonsLtd
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v
Contents
AuthorBiographies xiii
Preface xv
PartI SmartHybridAC/DCMicrogrids 1
1 SmartHybridAC/DCMicrogrids 3
1.1 IntroductiontoMicrogrids 3
(cid:2) 1.1.1 ConceptofMicrogrids 3 (cid:2)
1.1.2 DevelopmentofMicrogrids 4
1.1.3 FeaturesofModernMicrogrids 6
1.2 SmartHybridMicrogridConfigurations 8
1.2.1 AC-coupledHybridMicrogrid 8
1.2.2 DC-coupledHybridMicrogrid 9
1.2.3 AC/DC-CoupledHybridMicrogrid 10
1.2.4 ExamplesofHybridMicrogrids 11
1.3 SmartHybridMicrogridOperations 14
1.3.1 DistributedGenerationandEnergyStorageSystems 14
1.3.2 SmartInterfacingConverters 16
1.3.3 CyberSystems 16
1.3.4 PowerManagementandEnergyManagementSystems 17
1.3.5 PowerQuality 17
1.4 OutlineoftheBook 18
References 20
2 RenewableEnergy,EnergyStorage,andSmartInterfacing
PowerConverters 21
2.1 Renewable-basedGeneration 21
2.1.1 Photovoltaic(PV)PowerSystems 21
2.1.2 WindPowerSystems 29
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2.2 EnergyStorageSystems 37
2.2.1 BatteryEnergyStorageSystem 38
2.2.2 FlywheelEnergyStorageSystem 43
2.2.3 SuperconductingMagnetEnergyStorageSystem 44
2.2.4 HydrogenandFuelCellEnergyStorage 45
2.3 IntegrationofRenewableEnergyandEnergyStorage 49
2.3.1 StructureofSmartInterfacingConverters(IFCs) 49
2.3.2 OperationandCoordination 52
2.4 Summary 54
References 54
3 SmartMicrogridCommunications 55
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 CommunicationTechniqueforSmartMicrogrids 57
3.2.1 BasicConceptsofCommunicationSystems 57
3.2.2 StructuresofCommunicationNetworksinSmartMicrogrids 59
3.2.3 RequirementsofCommunicationinSmartMicrogrids 61
3.2.4 WiredCommunicationTechnologiesinaMicrogrid 62
3.2.5 WirelessCommunicationTechnologies 65
3.3 StandardsandProtocolsinSmartMicrogrids 67
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3.3.1 StandardsandProtocolsforGeneralCommunication 67
3.3.2 StandardsandProtocolsforSubstationAutomation 70
3.3.3 StandardsandProtocolsforControlCenterandWideArea
Monitoring 71
3.3.4 StandardsandProtocolsforDistributedGenerationandDemand
Response 72
3.3.5 StandardsandProtocolsforMetering 73
3.3.6 StandardsandProtocolsforElectricVehicleCharging 74
3.4 NetworkCyber-security 75
3.5 Summary 78
References 78
PartII PowerManagementSystems(PMSs)andEnergy
ManagementSystems(EMSs) 81
4 SmartInterfacingPowerElectronicsConverterControl 83
4.1 PrimaryControlofPowerElectronicsConverters 83
4.1.1 BasicControlTechniquesinPowerConverters 84
4.1.2 CurrentControlMethod 90
4.1.3 VoltageControlMethod 92
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Contents vii
4.2 VirtualImpedanceControlofPowerElectronicConverters 93
4.2.1 InternalVirtualImpedance 94
4.2.2 ExternalVirtualImpedance 96
4.2.3 IntegrationofbothInternalandExternalVirtualImpedance 97
4.3 DroopControlofPowerElectronicsConverters 99
4.3.1 FrequencyandVoltageDroopControlinanACSubgrid 99
4.3.2 VoltageDroopControlinDCSubgrids 102
4.3.3 UnifiedDroopforInterlinkingACandDCSubgrids 102
4.3.4 ChallengesofDroopControlandSolutions 105
4.4 VirtualSynchronousGenerator(VSG)ControlofInterfacingPower
ElectronicsConverters 110
4.4.1 PrinciplesofVSGControl 111
4.4.2 ImplementationofVSGControl 112
4.4.3 RelationshipBetweenDroopControlandVSGControl 115
4.5 UnifiedControlofPowerElectronicsConverters 116
4.6 Summary 118
References 118
5 PowerManagementSystem(PMS)inSmartHybridAC/DC
Microgrids 121
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5.1 Introduction 121
5.2 HierarchicalControlofHybridMicrogrids 122
5.3 PowerManagementSystems(PMSs)inDifferentStructuresofHybrid
Microgrids 125
5.3.1 PMSofanAC-coupledHybridMicrogrid 125
5.3.2 PMSofaDC-coupledHybridMicrogrid 128
5.3.3 PMSofanAC-DC-coupledHybridMicrogrid 130
5.4 PowerManagementStrategiesDuringTransitionsandDifferent
LoadingConditions 133
5.4.1 PMSDuringTransitionBetweenGrid-ConnectedandIslanding
OperationModes 133
5.4.2 PowerManagementStrategiesUnderDifferentLoading
Conditions 137
5.5 ImplementedExamplesofPowerManagementSystemsinHybrid
Microgrids 137
5.5.1 PMSExampleofanAC-coupledHybridMicrogrid 137
5.5.2 PMSExampleofaDC-coupledHybridMicrogrid 140
5.5.3 PMSExampleofanAC-DC-coupledHybridMicrogrid 143
5.6 BlackStartinHybridMicrogrids 146
5.6.1 GeneralRequirementsofBlackStartinMicrogrids 147
5.6.2 MicrogridBlackStartScheme 147
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5.6.3 MainIssuesandRelatedMeasuresofBlackStartsinMicrogrids 152
5.7 Summary 153
References 153
6 EnergyManagementSystem(EMS)inSmartHybrid
Microgrids 155
6.1 EnergyManagementinHierarchicalControlofMicrogrids 155
6.1.1 HierarchicalControl 155
6.1.2 EnergyManagementSystem 157
6.1.3 CommunicationsinanEnergyManagementSystem 162
6.2 Multi-agentControlStrategyofMicrogrids 162
6.3 AdvanceDistributionManagementSystems(ADMSs)inSmartHybrid
Microgrids 165
6.3.1 SupervisoryControlandDataAcquisition(SCADA) 165
6.3.2 GeographicInformationSystems(GISs) 167
6.3.3 DistributionManagementSystem(DMS) 167
6.3.4 AutomatedMeterReading/AutomaticMeteringInfrastructure
(AMR/AMI) 168
6.3.5 OutageManagementSystems(OMSs) 168
6.3.6 DistributedEnergyResourceManagementSystem(DERMS) 169
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6.4 Cyber-securityinSmartHybridMicrogrids 170
6.4.1 DifferentTypesofCyber-securityViolations 170
6.4.2 ImpactsofCyber-securityViolationsonSmartMicrogrids 172
6.4.3 ConstructionofCyber-securityViolationsinSmartMicrogrids 173
6.4.4 DefensiveStrategiesAgainstCyber-attacks 174
6.4.5 CaseStudyExample:Cyber-securityViolationsinPower
Electronics-intensiveDCMicrogrids 176
6.4.6 FutureTrendsofMicrogridCyber-security 181
6.5 Summary 182
References 182
PartIII PowerQualityIssuesandControlinSmartHybrid
Microgrids 185
7 OverviewofPowerQualityinMicrogrids 187
7.1 Introduction 187
7.2 ClassificationofPowerQualityDisturbances 188
7.2.1 Transients 188
7.2.2 ShortDurationVariations 189
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