Table Of ContentSmart Computing with
Open Source Platforms
Smart Computing with
Open Source Platforms
Amartya Mukherjee and Nilanjan Dey
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Contents
Preface ...................................................................................................................xiii
Acknowledgment ..................................................................................................xv
Authors ................................................................................................................xvii
Introduction .........................................................................................................xix
1. Introduction to Open Source Hardware ....................................................1
1.1 Open Source Hardware Concept ........................................................1
1.2 Arduino Ecosystem and Its Types ......................................................1
1.3 Features of Arduino Hardware ..........................................................3
1.4 Features of Arduino Software .............................................................3
1.5 How to Set Up ........................................................................................6
1.6 Arduino DUE Environment ................................................................9
1.7 Arduino Development Community and Social Coding ...............10
1.8 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ..................................................10
References .......................................................................................................11
2. Arduino Hardware .......................................................................................13
2.1 System Architecture ...........................................................................13
2.2 Microcontroller ....................................................................................14
2.2.1 Power Unit ..............................................................................16
2.2.2 Digital I/O of Arduino ..........................................................16
2.2.3 ADC Inputs .............................................................................16
2.2.4 Peripherals in Arduino .........................................................17
2.2.5 Detailed Board Configuration .............................................17
2.3 Arduino Interrupts .............................................................................18
2.3.1 Comparison Register .............................................................18
2.4 Peripheral Devices and Interfacing ..................................................18
2.4.1 Arduino TFT Interfacing ......................................................19
2.4.2 Using the Library ...................................................................20
2.4.3 Using the Arduino Esplora and the TFT Library ..............20
2.4.4 Similarities in Processing .....................................................21
2.5 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ..................................................21
References .......................................................................................................21
3. Data Types, Operators, and Expressions .................................................23
3.1 Primitive Data Types ..........................................................................23
3.1.1 Integer ......................................................................................23
3.1.2 Byte ..........................................................................................24
3.1.3 O ther Types of int ..................................................................24
3.1.4 I nteger Constant .....................................................................24
v
vi Contents
3.1.5 Characters ...............................................................................24
3.1.6 Floating Point Data ................................................................25
3.1.7 Array and String in Arduino ...............................................25
3.1.8 Strings ......................................................................................26
3.2 User-Defined Data Types ...................................................................28
3.3 Declaration of a Variable ....................................................................29
3.4 Operators ..............................................................................................30
3.5 Precedence and Associativity ...........................................................31
3.6 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ..................................................32
References .......................................................................................................32
4. Functions in Arduino ...................................................................................33
4.1 setup() and loop() Functions .......................................................33
4.2 User-Defined Functions .....................................................................34
4.3 Recursive Function Calls ...................................................................35
4.4 Library ..................................................................................................38
4.4.1 EEPROM Library....................................................................39
4.4.1.1 read() .....................................................................39
4.4.1.2 write() ...................................................................40
4.4.1.3 put() ........................................................................40
4.4.1.4 get() ........................................................................41
4.4.1.5 update() .................................................................41
4.4.2 Firmata Library ......................................................................42
4.5 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ..................................................44
References .......................................................................................................44
5. Conditional Statements ...............................................................................45
5.1 If-Else Conditional Statements ..........................................................45
5.1.1 Else ...........................................................................................46
5.1.2 If-Else-If Ladder .....................................................................46
5.2 Switch-Case Statement .......................................................................46
5.3 Loops in Arduino ................................................................................47
5.3.1 For loop ....................................................................................47
5.4 While and Do-While Loops ...............................................................48
5.4.1 While Loop .............................................................................48
5.4.2 Do-While Loop .......................................................................49
5.5 loop() in Arduino .............................................................................49
5.6 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ..................................................50
References .......................................................................................................50
6. Arduino Input Systems ...............................................................................51
6.1 pinMode() Function ..........................................................................51
6.2 INPUT and INPUT_PULLUP Configuration ..................................52
6.3 digitalRead() Function .................................................................53
Contents vii
6.4 analogRead() Function ...................................................................54
6.5 Inputs for Firmata Library .................................................................55
6.6 Input Device Interfacing ....................................................................56
6.6.1 Input Pin Properties ..............................................................56
6.7 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ..................................................57
References .......................................................................................................57
7. Arduino Output Systems ............................................................................59
7.1 digitalWrite() Function ...............................................................59
7.2 analogWrite() Function .................................................................60
7.2.1 Operation ................................................................................60
7.2.2 PWM details ...........................................................................61
7.2.3 ATmega PWM Access ...........................................................61
7.3 An Input–Output Example ................................................................64
7.4 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ..................................................67
References .......................................................................................................68
8. Arduino with Processing ............................................................................69
8.1 Overview of Processing Language ...................................................69
8.1.1 G eneral Overview ..................................................................69
8.1.2 P rocessing Software ..............................................................70
8.2 Code Structure.....................................................................................72
8.2.1 P rocessing Code .....................................................................72
8.2.2 D rawing the Objects ..............................................................73
8.3 Libraries and Functions .....................................................................74
8.3.1 S erial Library ..........................................................................74
8.4 Visualization of an LDR Output .......................................................75
8.5 Interaction with Arduino and Firmata ............................................77
8.6 Mouse Handling in Processing .........................................................84
8.7 Colors in Processing ...........................................................................88
8.8 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ..................................................90
References .......................................................................................................90
9. Real-Life Code Examples ............................................................................91
9.1 Automated Rail Gate Control ............................................................91
9.1.1 Stepwise Procedure ...............................................................91
9.1.2 Circuit Diagram .....................................................................92
9.2 Arduino-Based Heartrate Monitoring System ...............................94
9.2.1 Working Methodology ..........................................................95
9.3 Arduino-Based LPG Detector System ..............................................98
9.3.1 Working Principle ..................................................................98
9.4 Conclusion ..........................................................................................100
9.5 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ................................................100
References .....................................................................................................100
viii Contents
10. Introduction to Python Language ...........................................................101
10.1 Features of Python Language .........................................................101
10.2 Python Versions ................................................................................102
10.3 Python Installation ...........................................................................103
10.3.1 D etailed Installation Procedure in Windows ..................104
10.3.2 I nstalling Python in Ubuntu Linux ..................................104
10.3.3 I nstallation of Python Using the Source in Ubuntu .......104
10.4 Writing Some Basic Programs .........................................................105
10.5 Installation Using pip .......................................................................107
10.6 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ................................................109
References .....................................................................................................109
11. Operators, Variables, and Expressions ...................................................111
11.1 Operators in Python .........................................................................111
11.1.1 Arithmetic Operators ..........................................................111
11.1.2 Comparison Operators ........................................................112
11.1.3 Logical Operators.................................................................112
11.1.4 Bitwise Operators ................................................................113
11.1.5 Identity Operators in Python .............................................114
11.1.6 Membership Operators .......................................................115
11.1.7 Assignment Operators ........................................................115
11.2 Clearing the Screen of the Console ................................................116
11.3 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ................................................116
References .....................................................................................................117
12. Decision-Making and Control Flow .......................................................119
12.1 if Statement ......................................................................................119
12.2 If-elif-else Ladder......................................................................120
12.2.1 Ladder Representation ........................................................120
12.2.2 Ternary Operator .................................................................121
12.3 Loops in Python ................................................................................122
12.3.1 while Loop ..........................................................................122
12.3.2 for Loop ...............................................................................124
12.3.3 Nested Loops ........................................................................125
12.3.4 Odd Loops ............................................................................125
12.3.5 break and continue Statements .....................................125
12.4 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ................................................126
References .....................................................................................................126
13. Functions in Python ...................................................................................127
13.1 Standard Rule of Definition .............................................................127
13.2 Function Invocation ..........................................................................128
13.2.1 Invocation Methodology .....................................................128
13.2.2 Argument Passing Mechanisms ........................................129
Contents ix
13.3 Keyword Argument Concept ..........................................................130
13.4 Lambda Function ..............................................................................131
13.5 Modules in Python ...........................................................................132
13.5.1 from Statement ....................................................................132
13.5.2 dir() Function ....................................................................133
13.6 Package in Python .............................................................................133
13.7 reload(), global(), and local() .........................................134
13.8 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ................................................134
References .....................................................................................................134
14. More Examples of Modules and Functions with APIs .......................135
14.1 Accessing CSV Files ..........................................................................135
14.1.1 Reading CSV Data ...............................................................136
14.1.2 Loading CSV Using Pandas ...............................................136
14.2 Parsing JSON Data ............................................................................136
14.3 Working with MongoDB ..................................................................138
14.4 MongoDB Client Management Tools .............................................141
14.5 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ................................................142
References .....................................................................................................142
15. Implementation of Data Structures ........................................................143
15.1 Lists in Python ...................................................................................143
15.1.1 Updating and Deleting List Elements ..............................144
15.1.2 Fundamental List Operation ..............................................145
15.2 Tuples in Python................................................................................145
15.3 Dictionary Structure .........................................................................146
15.4 Sorting of Data Structures ...............................................................147
15.5 Date and Time in Python .................................................................149
15.6 Strings in Python ..............................................................................150
15.7 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ................................................151
References .....................................................................................................152
16. Object-Oriented Programming in Python ............................................153
16.1 Class in Python ..................................................................................153
16.2 Constructor ........................................................................................154
16.3 Creation of Methods in Class ..........................................................155
16.4 Polymorphism in Python .................................................................155
16.5 Inheritance Concept ..........................................................................157
16.6 Method Overriding Concept ...........................................................159
16.7 Concepts Covered in This Chapter ................................................160
References .....................................................................................................160
17. Input and Output in Python .....................................................................161
17.1 input() and raw_input() Functions ........................................161
