Smart Antennas for Next Generation Wireless Systems

181 Pages·2008·14.43 MB·English

EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking
Smart Antennas for Next
Generation Wireless Systems
Guest Editors: Angeliki Alexiou, Monica Navarro,
and Robert W. Heath Jr.
Smart Antennas for Next
Generation Wireless Systems
EURASIP Journal on
Wireless Communications and Networking
Smart Antennas for Next
Generation Wireless Systems
Guest Editors: Angeliki Alexiou, Monica Navarro,
and Robert W. Heath Jr.
Copyright©2007HindawiPublishingCorporation.Allrightsreserved.
Thisisaspecialissuepublishedinvolume2007of“EURASIPJournalonWirelessCommunicationsandNetworking.”Allarticlesare
openaccessarticlesdistributedundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,and
reproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited.
Editor-in-Chief
LucVandendorpe,Universite´ CatholiquedeLouvain,Belgium
Associate Editors
ThusharaAbhayapala,Australia DavidGesbert,France MarcMoonen,Belgium
MohamedH.Ahmed,Canada Z.Ghassemlooy,UK EricMoulines,France
FaridAhmed,USA ChristianHartmann,Germany SayandevMukherjee,USA
AlaganAnpalagan,Canada StefanKaiser,Germany KameswaraRaoNamuduri,USA
AnthonyBoucouvalas,Greece G.K.Karagiannidis,Greece AmiyaNayak,Canada
LinCai,Canada ChiChungKo,Singapore A.Pandharipande,SouthKorea
BiaoChen,USA VisaKoivunen,Finland AthinaPetropulu,USA
Yuh-ShyanChen,Taiwan RichardKozick,USA PhillipRegalia,France
PascalChevalier,France BhaskarKrishnamachari,USA A.LeeSwindlehurst,USA
Chia-ChinChong,SouthKorea S.Lambotharan,UK SergiosTheodoridis,Greece
HuaiyuDai,USA VincentLau,HongKong GeorgeS.Tombras,Greece
SouraDasgupta,USA DavidI.Laurenson,UK LangTong,USA
IbrahimDeveli,Turkey ThoLe-Ngoc,Canada AthanasiosV.Vasilakos,Greece
PetarM.Djuric´,USA YonghuiLi,Australia WeidongXiang,USA
MischaDohler,France WeiLi,USA YangXiao,USA
AbrahamO.Fapojuwo,Canada TongtongLi,USA XueshiYang,USA
MichaelGastpar,USA ZhiqiangLiu,USA LawrenceYeung,HongKong
AlexGershman,Germany SteveMcLaughlin,UK DongmeiZhao,Canada
WolfgangGerstacker,Germany SudipMisra,Canada WeihuaZhuang,Canada
Contents
SmartAntennasforNextGenerationWirelessSystems,AngelikiAlexiou,MonicaNavarro,
andRobertW.HeathJr.
Volume2007,ArticleID20427,2pages
Tower-TopAntennaArrayCalibrationSchemeforNextGenerationNetworks,JustineMcCormack,
TimCooper,andRonanFarrell
Volume2007,ArticleID41941,12pages
OptimalDesignofUniformRectangularAntennaArraysforStrongLine-of-SightMIMOChannels,
FrodeBøhagen,Pa˚lOrten,andGeirØien
Volume2007,ArticleID45084,10pages
JointEstimationofMutualCoupling,ElementFactor,andPhaseCenterinAntennaArrays,
MarcMowle´r,Bjo¨rnLindmark,ErikG.Larsson,andBjo¨rnOttersten
Volume2007,ArticleID30684,9pages
DiversityCharacterizationofOptimizedTwo-AntennaSystemsforUMTSHandsets,A.Diallo,
P.LeThuc,C.Luxey,R.Staraj,G.Kossiavas,M.Franze´n,andP.-S.Kildal
Volume2007,ArticleID37574,9pages
OptimalDesignofNonuniformLinearArraysinCellularSystemsbyOut-of-CellInterference
Minimization,S.Savazzi,O.Simeone,andU.Spagnolini
Volume2007,ArticleID93421,9pages
CapacityPerformanceofAdaptiveReceiveAntennaSubarrayFormationforMIMOSystems,
PanagiotisTheofilakosandAthanasiosG.Kanatas
Volume2007,ArticleID56471,12pages
CapacityofMIMO-OFDMwithPilot-AidedChannelEstimation,IvanCosovicandGuntherAuer
Volume2007,ArticleID32460,12pages
DistributedAntennaChannelswithRegenerativeRelaying:RelaySelectionandAsymptotic
Capacity,AitordelCosoandChristianIbars
Volume2007,ArticleID21093,12pages
ASimplifiedConstantModulusAlgorithmforBlindRecoveryofMIMOQAMandPSKSignals:
ACriterionwithConvergenceAnalysis,AissaIkhlefandDanielLeGuennec
Volume2007,ArticleID90401,13pages
EmployingCoordinatedTransmitandReceiveBeamforminginClusteringDouble-Directional
RadioChannel,ChenSun,MakotoTaromaru,andTakashiOhira
Volume2007,ArticleID57175,10pages
Inter-andIntrasiteCorrelationsofLarge-ScaleParametersfromMacrocellularMeasurementsat
1800MHz,NiklasJalde´n,PerZetterberg,Bjo¨rnOttersten,andLauraGarcia
Volume2007,ArticleID25757,12pages
Multiple-AntennaInterferenceCancellationforWLANwithMACInterferenceAvoidancein
OpenAccessNetworks,AlexandrM.KuzminskiyandHamidRezaKarimi
Volume2007,ArticleID51358,11pages
TransmitDiversityattheCellBorderUsingSmartBaseStations,SimonPlass,RonaldRaulefs,
andArminDammann
Volume2007,ArticleID60654,11pages
SmartMIMO:AnEnergy-AwareAdaptiveMIMO-OFDMRadioLinkControlforNext-Generation
WirelessLocalAreaNetworks,BrunoBougard,GregoryLenoir,AntoineDejonghe,LiesbetVanderPerre,
FranckyCatthoor,andWimDehaene
Volume2007,ArticleID98186,15pages
Cross-LayerAdmissionControlPolicyforCDMABeamformingSystems,WeiShengand
StevenD.Blostein
Volume2007,ArticleID14562,15pages
HindawiPublishingCorporation
EURASIPJournalonWirelessCommunicationsandNetworking
Volume2007,ArticleID20427,2pages
doi:10.1155/2007/20427
Editorial
Smart Antennas for Next Generation Wireless Systems
AngelikiAlexiou,1MonicaNavarro,2andRobertW.HeathJr.3
1BellLaboratories,LucentTechnologies,SuffolkCO101LN,UK
2CentreTecnolo`gicdeTelecomunicacionsdeCatalunya(CTTC),08860Barcelona,Spain
3DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,TX78712,USA
Received31December2007;Accepted31December2007
Copyright©2007Angeliki Alexiou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License,whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperly
cited.
Theadoptionofmultipleantennatechniquesinfuturewire- vide more accuratepropagation predictions forthe line-of-
less systems is expected to have a significant impact on sight channel. It is shown that the separation distance be-
the efficient use of the spectrum, the minimisation of the tween antennas can be optimized in several cases and that
costofestablishingnewwirelessnetworks,theenhancement theseconfigurationsarerobustinRiceanchannelswithdif-
of the quality of service, and the realisation of reconfig- ferentK-factors.
urable,robust,and transparentoperation acrossmultitech- The paper by M. Mowle´r et al. considers estimation of
nology wireless networks. Although a considerable amount the mutual coupling matrix for an adaptive antenna array
of research effort has been dedicated to the investigation of fromcalibrationmeasurements.Thispaperexplicitlyincor-
MIMOsystemsperformance,results,conclusions,andideas porates the lack of information about the phase centre and
onthecriticalimplementationaspectsofsmartantennasin the element factor of the array by including them in an it-
futurewirelesssystemsremainfragmental. erative joint optimization. In particular, the element factor
Theobjectiveofthisspecialissueistoaddressthesecrit- ofthearrayisapproximatedthroughabasisexpansion—the
ical aspects and present the most recent developments in coefficientsoftheexpansionareestimatedbythealgorithm.
theareasofantennaarraydesign,implementation,measure- Analysis,simulations,andexperimentalresultsdemonstrate
ments,andMIMOchannelmodelling,robustsignalprocess- theefficacyoftheproposedestimator.
ingformultipleantennasystemsandinterference-awaresys- Diversity characterisation of two-antenna systems for
temleveloptimisation. UMTSterminalsbymeansofmeasurementsperformedcon-
In the area of antenna array design, the paper by T. currently with the help of a reverberation chamber and a
Cooper et al. presents a tower-top smart antenna calibra- WheelerCapsetupisaddressedinthepaperbyA.Dialloetal.
tion scheme, designed for high-reliability tower-top opera- Itisshownthateveniftheenvelopecorrelationcoefficients
tionandbaseduponanarrayofcoupledreferenceelements ofthesesystemsareverylow,havingantennaswithhighiso-
whichsensethearray’soutput.Thetheoreticallimitsofthe lationimprovesthetotalefficiencybyincreasingtheeffective
accuracyofthiscalibrationapproachareassessedandtheex- diversitygain.
pected performance is evaluated by means of initial proto- InthepaperbyS.Savazzietal.,theauthorsaddressthe
typingofaprecisioncouplercircuitfora2×2array. design problemoflinear antennaarrayoptimization toen-
The design of uniform rectangular arrays for MIMO hancetheoverallthroughputofaninterference-limitedsys-
communication systems with strong line-of-sight compo- tem.Theyfocusonthedesignoflinearantennaarrayswith
nents is studied in the paper by F. Bøhagen et al., based nonuniformspacingbetweenantennaarrayelements,which
onanorthogonalityrequirementinspiredbythemutualin- explicitlytakesintoaccountthecellularlayoutandtheprop-
formation. Because the line-of-sight channel is more sensi- agationmodel,andshowthepotentialgainswithrespectto
tivetoantennageometryandorientation,anewgeometrical theconventionalhalfwavelengthsystems.Forsuchpurposes
model is proposed in this paper that includes the transmit two optimisation criteria are considered: one based on the
and receive orientation through a reference coordinate sys- minimization of the average interference power at the out-
tem,alongwithasphericalwavepropagationmodeltopro- putofaconventionalbeamformer,forwhichaclosed-form
2 EURASIPJournalonWirelessCommunicationsandNetworking
solutionisderivedandfromwhichthejustificationforun- lizing narrow band multisite MIMO measurements in the
equalspacingsisinferred;asecondtargetsthemaximization 1800MHzband.
oftheergodiccapacityandresortstonumericalresults. A. M. Kuzminskiy and H. R. Karimi show in their pa-
AddressingtherobustMIMOsignalprocessingaspect,the perthepotentialincreaseinthroughputwhenmultiantenna
paperbyP.TheofilakosandA.Kanatasconsiderstheuseof interferencecancellationtechniquesareconsideredtocom-
subarraysasawaytoimproveperformanceinMIMOcom- plementthemultipleaccesscontrolprotocol.Theworkeval-
municationsystems.Inthisapproach,eachradiofrequency uates the gains that multiantenna interference cancellation
chainiscoupledtotheantennathroughabeamformingvec- schemesprovideinthecontextofWLANsystemswhichim-
tor on a subarray of antenna elements. Bounds on capacity plementtheCSMA/CAMACprotocol.
forRayleighfadingchannelshighlightthebenefitsofsubar- Transmit diversity techniques and the resulting gains at
rayformationwhilelow-complexityalgorithmsforgrouping the cell border in a cellular MC-CDMA environment using
antennasintosubarraysillustratehowtorealizethisconcept smartbasestationsareaddressedinthepaperbyS.Plasset
inpracticalsystems. al.Cellularcyclicdelaydiversity(C-CDD)andcellularAlam-
ThepaperbyI.CosovicandG.Auerpresentsananalyti- outi technique (CAT) are proposed, that improves the per-
calframeworkfortheassessmentofthepilotgridforMIMO- formance at the cell borders by enhancing macrodiversity
OFDMintermsofoverheadandpowerallocation.Theop- andreducingtheoverallintercellinterference.
timum pilot grid is identified based on the criterion of the ThepaperbyB.Bougardetal.investigatesthetransceiver
capacityforOFDMoperatingintime-variantfrequencyse- energy efficiency of multiantenna broadband transmission
lectivechannels.Asemianalyticalprocedureisalsoproposed schemesandevaluatessuchtransceiverpowerconsumption
tomaximizethecapacitywithrespecttotheconsideredesti- foranadaptivesystem.Inparticular,thepaperevaluatesthe
matorforrealizableandsuboptimalestimationschemes. tradeoff between the net throughput at the MAC layer ver-
ThepaperbyA.DelCosoandC.Ibarsanalysesapoint- sustheaveragepowerconsumption,thatanadaptivesystem
to-pointmultiplerelayGaussianchannelthatusesadecode- switchingbetweenaspace-divisionmultiplexing,space-time
and-forwardrelayingstrategyunderahalfduplexconstraint. codingorsingleantennatransmissionachieves.Authorspro-
It derives the instantaneous achievable rate under perfect videamodelthataimstocapturechannelstateinformation
CSI assumption and obtains the relay selection algorithm in a compact way, and from which a simple policy-based
and power allocation strategy within the two consecutive adaptationschemecanbeimplemented.
time slots that maximises the achievable rate. Furthermore Inthelastpaper,W.ShengandS.D.Blosteinformulate
the study provides upper and lower bounds on the ergodic the problem of admission control for a CDMA beamform-
achievable rate, and derives the asymptotic behaviour in ingsystemasacross-layerdesignproblem.Intheproposed
termsofthenumberofrelays,showingthatforanyrandom framework,theparametersofatruncatedautomaticretrans-
distributionofrelaystheergodiccapacityofthemultiplere- missionalgorithmandapacketleveladmissioncontrolpol-
laychannelunderAWGNgrowsasymptoticallywiththelog- icyarejointlyoptimizedtomaximizethroughputsubjectto
arithmoftheLambertfunctionofthetotalnumberofrelays. quality-of-service requirements. Numerical examples show
InthepaperbyA.IkhlefandD.LeGuennec,theproblem that throughput can be increased substantially in the low
of signal detection in MIMO systems is addressed focusing packeterrorrateregime.
onblindreducedcomplexityschemes.Inparticular,theau- Thethemeofthisspecialsessionwasinspiredbythejoint
thorsproposetheuseofblindsourceseparationtechniques, research collaboration in the area of smart antennas within
whichavoidtheuseoftrainingsequences,forblindrecovery theACEproject,aNetworkofExcellenceundertheFP6Eu-
ofQAMandPSKsignalsinMIMOchannels.Theproposed ropeanCommission’sInformationSocietyTechnologiesIni-
low-complexityalgorithmisasimplifiedversionoftheCMA tiative.Theobjectiveofthisissueistosharesomeinsightand
algorithmthatoperatesoverasinglesignaldimension,that encouragemoreresearchonthecriticalimplementationas-
is,eitherontherealorimaginarypartandofwhichconver- pects for the adoption of smart antennas in future wireless
genceisalsoprovedinthepaper. systems.
In the area of system level optimisation, the paper by C. We would like to thank the authors, the reviewers and
Sun et al. considers the application of switched directional Hindawistafffortheireffortsinthepreparationofthisspe-
beams at the transmitter and receiver of a MIMO commu- cialissue.
nication link. The beams provide a capacity gain by focus-
ingondifferentdominantwaveclustersintheenvironment; AngelikiAlexiou
MonicaNavarro
switchingbetweenbeamsgivesadditionaldiversitybenefits.
RobertW.HeathJr.
Electronicallysteerableparasiticarrayradiatorsaresuggested
as a means to implement the beamforming in the RF. Per-
formanceisparticularlyenhancedatlowSNRscomparedto
aconventionalMIMOsystemthatrequiresanRFchainfor
eachantenna.
In the paper by N. Jalden et al., the inter- and intrasite
correlationpropertiesofshadowfadingandpower-weighted
angular spread at both the mobile station and the base sta-
tionarestudied,fordifferentinterbasestationdistances,uti-
HindawiPublishingCorporation
EURASIPJournalonWirelessCommunicationsandNetworking
Volume2007,ArticleID41941,12pages
doi:10.1155/2007/41941
Research Article
Tower-Top Antenna Array Calibration Scheme for
Next Generation Networks
JustineMcCormack,TimCooper,andRonanFarrell
CentreforTelecommunicationsValue-ChainResearch,InstituteofMicroelectronicsandWirelessSystems,
NationalUniversityofIreland,Kildare,Ireland
Received1November2006;Accepted31July2007
RecommendedbyA.Alexiou
Recently,therehasbeenincreasedinterestinmovingtheRFelectronicsinbasestationsfromthebottomofthetowertothetop,
yieldingimprovedpowerefficienciesandreductionsininfrastructuralcosts.Tower-topsystemshavefacedresistanceinthepast
duetosuchissuesasincreasedweight,size,andpoorpotentialreliability.However,modernadvancesinreducingthesizeand
complexityofRFsubsystemshavemadethetower-topmodelmoreviable.Tower-toprelocation,however,facesmanysignificant
engineeringchallenges.Twosuchchallengesarethecalibrationofthetower-toparrayandensuringadequatereliability.Wepresent
atower-topsmartantennacalibrationschemedesignedforhigh-reliabilitytower-topoperation.Ourcalibrationschemeisbased
upon an array of coupled reference elements which sense the array’s output. We outline the theoretical limits of the accuracy
ofthiscalibration,usingsimplefeedback-basedcalibrationalgorithms,andpresenttheirpredictedperformancebasedoninitial
prototypingofaprecisioncouplercircuitfora2×2array.Asthebasisforfuturestudyamoresophisticatedalgorithmforarray
calibrationisalsopresentedwhoseperformanceimproveswitharraysize.
Copyright©2007JustineMcCormacketal.ThisisanopenaccessarticledistributedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution
License,whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperly
cited.
1. INTRODUCTION bilityrequirements.Therefore,alternativetechnologieshave
beenusedtoincreasenetworkperformance,suchascellsplit-
Antennasarrayshavebeencommerciallydeployedinrecent tingandtower-bottomhardwareupgrades[7,8].
yearsinarangeofapplicationssuchasmobiletelephony,in To address the key impediments to industry acceptance
ordertoprovidedirectivityofcoverageandincreasesystem of complexity and expense, we have been studying the fea-
capacity.Toachievethis,thegainandphaserelationshipbe- sibility of a self-contained, self-calibrating “tower-top” base
tweentheelementsoftheantennaarraymustbeknown.Im- transceiverstation(BTS).ThissystemseestheRFandmixed
balancesintheserelationshipscanarisefromthermaleffects, signal components of the base station relocated next to the
antennamutualcoupling,componentaging,andfiniteman- antennas. This provides potential capital and operational
ufacturing tolerance [1]. To overcome these issues, calibra- savingsfromtheperspectiveofthenetworkoperatordueto
tionisrequired[2,3].Traditionally,calibrationwouldhave theeliminationofthefeedercablesandmachinedduplexer
been undertaken at the manufacturer, address static effects filter. Furthermore, the self-contained calibration electron-
arisingfromthemanufacturingtolerances.However,imbal- icssimplifytheissueofphasingthetower-toparrayfromthe
ances due to dynamic effects require continual or dynamic perspectiveofthenetworkprovider.
calibration. Recentbasestationarchitectureshaveseensomedepar-
Arraycalibrationofcellularsystemshasbeenthesubject ture from the conventional tower-bottom BTS and tower-
of much interest over the last decade (e.g., [4–6]), and al- top antenna model. First, amongst these was the deploy-
thoughmanycalibrationprocessesalreadyexist,theissueof mentoftower-topduplexerlow-noiseamplifiers(TT-LNA),
array calibration has, until now, been studied in a “tower- demonstrating a tacit willingness on the part of the net-
bottom” smart antenna context (e.g., tsunami(II) [2]). In- work operator to relocate equipment to the tower-top if
dustry acceptance of smart antennas has been slow, princi- performancegainsprovedadequateandsufficientreliability
pally due to their expense, complexity, and stringent relia- couldbeachieved[9].Thiswillingnesscanbeseenwiththe