Table Of ContentM S
River Publishers Series in Communications
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Smart Antennas, c
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are employed on both sides of the connection. There are several essen- A S
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investigation. Included in the book are beamforming, massive MIMO, r n
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network MIMO, mmwave transmission, compressive sensing, MIMO a d
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radar, sensor networks, vehicle-to-vehicle communication, location, th a
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S. Kannadhasan
R.Nagarajan
Alagar Karthick
River Publishers
River Aritra Ghosh
Smart Antennas, Electromagnetic
Interference and Microwave Antennas
for Wireless Communications
RIVER PUBLISHERS SERIES IN
COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING
Series Editors
ABBAS JAMALIPOUR MARINA RUGGIERI
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Smart Antennas, Electromagnetic
Interference and Microwave Antennas
for Wireless Communications
Editors
S. Kannadhasan
Cheran College of Engineering, India
R. Nagarajan
Gnanamani College of Technology, India
Alagar Karthick
KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, India
Aritra Ghosh
University of Exeter, UK
River Publishers
Published, sold and distributed by:
River Publishers
Alsbjergvej 10
9260 Gistrup
Denmark
www.riverpublishers.com
ISBN: 9788770227766 (Hardback)
9788770227759 (Ebook)
©2022 River Publishers
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of
the publishers.
Contents
Preface xv
List of Contributors xvii
List of Figures xix
List of Tables xxv
List of Abbreviations xxvii
Chapter 1
Speech Signal Extraction from Transmitted Signal
Using Multilevel Mixed Signal 1
R. Kabilan, and R. Ravi
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Literature Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 The fast ICA algorithm revisited:
Convergence analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2 FPGA implementation of IC algorithm for
blind signal separation and noise cancelling . . . . . 3
1.2.3 Subjective comparison and evaluation of
speech enhancement algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Proposed Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.1 FASTICA using symmetric orthogonalization . . . . 3
1.3.2 FPGA implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Output Waveform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
v
vi Contents
Chapter 2
High Performance Fiber-Wireless Uplink for
CDMA 5G Networks Communication 13
R. Ravi, R. Kabilan, and S. Shargunam
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2 Proposed Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.1 OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.2 OFDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.3 CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.4 Optical fiber channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.5 The disadvantages of the existing system . . . . . . . 18
2.3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3.1 Inference 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3.2 Inference 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.3 Inference 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.4 Inference 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3.5 Inference 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.3.6 Inference 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.7 Inference 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Chapter 3
Improving the Performance of Cooperative Transmission
Protocol Using Bidirectional Relays and Multi User Detection 29
R. Kabilan, R. Ravi, and S. Shargunam
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2 Components of Communication System . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.3 Proposed System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.4 System Design and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.4.1 Input design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.4.2 Feasibility analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.4.2.1 Operational feasibility . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.4.2.2 Technical feasibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.4.2.3 Economical feasibility . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.4.2.4 Project modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.5 Output Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.5.1 Animator output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.5.2 Initialization of nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Contents vii
3.5.3 Node 1 starts transmitting data . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.5.4 Finding shortest path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.5.5 Transmission of data through relay node . . . . . . . 36
3.5.6 Node 8 starts transmitting data . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.5.7 Loss of packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.5.8 Transmissions of data from node 7 to node 6 . . . . . 37
3.5.9 Transmision of data from node 2 to node 4 . . . . . . 37
3.5.10 Transmission of data bidirectionally . . . . . . . . . 38
3.5.11 Completion of transmission from node 8 to 0 . . . . . 39
3.5.12 Coverage provided by dynamic base station . . . . . 40
3.5.13 Retransmission of dropped packets . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.5.14 Reception of acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.5.15 X graph for lifetime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.5.16 X graph for output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Chapter 4
Joint Relay-source Escalation for SINR Maximization in
Multi Relay Networks and Multi Antenna 47
R. Ravi, R. Kabilan, S. Shargunam, and R. Mallika Pandeeswari
4.1 Main Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.2 Proposed System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.2.1 System model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.2.2 SINR maximization under relay transmit power
and source constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.2.3 Source-relay transmit power minimization under
QoS constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.2.4 Computation of relay precoder . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.2.5 Feasibility of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.3 Advantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.4 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.5 Result and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.5.1 Tools used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.5.2 Simulated results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
viii Contents
Chapter 5
VLSI Implementation on MIMO Structure Using
Modified Sphere Decoding Algorithms 59
R. Kabilan, R. Ravi, S. Shargunam, and R. Mallika Pandeeswari
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.2 Proposed Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.2.1 VB decoding algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.2.2 SE decoding algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.2.3 SOC architecture on FPGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.3 Result and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Chapter 6
Overcrowding Cell Interference Detection and
Mitigation in a Multiple Networking Environment 71
R. Ravi, R. Mallika Pandeeswari, R. Kabilan, and S. Shargunam
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
6.2 Proposed System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.3 OFDMA and SCFDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.4 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.4.1 BER–SNR graph of two users . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.4.2 BLER–SNR graph of two user . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.4.3 SE-SNR graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6.5 Comparison of Detector Performance as a Result of
Shot Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6.6 BER–SNR Graph of Different Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6.7 Channel MSE–ESN0 Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Chapter 7
A Baseband Transceiver for MIMO-OFDMA in Spatial
Multiplexing Using Modified V-BLAST Algorithm 83
R. Kabilan, R. Ravi, S. Shargunam, and R. Mallika Pandeeswari
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
7.1.1 OFDM modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
7.1.2 FDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
7.1.3 OFDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7.1.4 MIMO OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Contents ix
7.2 Existing Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7.2.1 Synchronization algorithms for MIMO
OFDMA systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
7.3 MIMO Transceiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
7.4 Proposed Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
7.4.1 Module description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
7.4.2 Proposed modified V-BLAST algorithm . . . . . . . 88
7.5 Result and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
7.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Chapter 8
Hardware Implementation of OFDM Transceiver Using
Simulink Blocks for MIMO Systems 95
R. Ravi, J. Zahariya Gabriel, R. Kabilan, and
R. Mallika Pandeeswari
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
8.2 Existing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
8.2.1 Fast ICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
8.2.2 Efficient variant of fast ICA algorithm (EFICA) . . . 97
8.2.3 Sphere decoding algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
8.3 Proposed System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
8.4 MIMO-OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
8.5 Channel Estimation (CE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
8.6 Flow Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
8.6.1 Input sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
8.6.2 Serial to parallel converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
8.6.3 AWGN channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
8.6.4 Mapper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
8.6.5 FFT block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
8.6.6 IFFT block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
8.6.7 BER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
8.7 Module Explanation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
8.7.1 OFDM modulation/demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . 100
8.7.2 FFT/IFFT block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
8.7.3 OFDM transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
8.7.4 OFDM receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
8.8 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
8.8.1 Selection of voice source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
8.8.2 MIMO block design process . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
