Table Of ContentAdvances in Sustainability Science and Technology
Robert J. Howlett
Lakhmi C. Jain
John R. Littlewood
Marius M. Balas Editors
Smart and
Sustainable
Technology
for Resilient Cities
and Communities
Advances in Sustainability Science
and Technology
SeriesEditors
RobertJ.Howlett,BournemouthUniversityandKESInternational,
Shoreham-by-Sea,UK
JohnLittlewood,SchoolofArt&Design,CardiffMetropolitanUniversity,Cardiff,
UK
LakhmiC.Jain,KESInternational,Shoreham-by-Sea,UK
Thebookseriesaimsatbringingtogethervaluableandnovelscientificcontributions
that address the critical issues of renewable energy, sustainable building, sustain-
ablemanufacturing,andothersustainabilityscienceandtechnologytopicsthathave
an impact in this diverse and fast-changing research community in academia and
industry.
Theareastobecoveredare
(cid:129)
Climatechangeandmitigation,atmosphericcarbonreduction,globalwarming
(cid:129)
Sustainabilityscience,sustainabilitytechnologies
(cid:129)
Sustainablebuildingtechnologies
(cid:129)
Intelligentbuildings
(cid:129)
Sustainableenergygeneration
(cid:129)
Combinedheatandpoweranddistrictheatingsystems
(cid:129)
Controlandoptimizationofrenewableenergysystems
(cid:129)
Smartgridsandmicrogrids,localenergymarkets
(cid:129)
Smartcities,smartbuildings,smartdistricts,smartcountryside
(cid:129)
Energyandenvironmentalassessmentinbuildingsandcities
(cid:129)
Sustainabledesign,innovationandservices
(cid:129)
Sustainablemanufacturingprocessesandtechnology
(cid:129)
Sustainablemanufacturingsystemsandenterprises
(cid:129)
Decisionsupportforsustainability
(cid:129)
Micro/nanomachining,microelectromechanicalmachines(MEMS)
(cid:129)
Sustainabletransport,smartvehiclesandsmartroads
(cid:129)
Informationtechnologyandartificialintelligenceappliedtosustainability
(cid:129)
Bigdataanddataanalyticsappliedtosustainability
(cid:129)
Sustainablefoodproduction,sustainablehorticultureandagriculture
(cid:129)
Sustainabilityofair,waterandothernaturalresources
(cid:129)
Sustainability policy, shaping the future, the triple bottom line, the circular
economy
Highqualitycontentisanessentialfeatureforallbookproposalsacceptedforthe
series.Itisexpectedthateditorsofallacceptedvolumeswillensurethatcontributions
aresubjectedtoanappropriatelevelofreviewingprocessandadheretoKESquality
principles.
Theserieswillincludemonographs,editedvolumes,andselectedproceedings.
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttps://link.springer.com/bookseries/16477
· ·
Robert J. Howlett Lakhmi C. Jain
·
John R. Littlewood Marius M. Balas
Editors
Smart and Sustainable
Technology for Resilient
Cities and Communities
Editors
RobertJ.Howlett LakhmiC.Jain
KESInternationalResearch KESInternational
Shoreham-by-sea,UK Selby,UK
JohnR.Littlewood MariusM.Balas
CardiffMetropolitanUniversity AurelVlaicuUniversity
Wales,UK Arad,Romania
ISSN2662-6829 ISSN2662-6837 (electronic)
AdvancesinSustainabilityScienceandTechnology
ISBN978-981-16-9100-3 ISBN978-981-16-9101-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9101-0
©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature
SingaporePteLtd.2022
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether
thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse
ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and
transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar
ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication
doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant
protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook
arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor
theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany
errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional
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ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Preface
There is a great awareness of the urgent need to eliminate carbon emissions and
improve the operational energy efficiency of the built environment to reduce the
harmful effects on the ecosystem of human economic development and mitigate
climatechangereality.Thishasledtoahugegrowthinresearcharoundthescience
and technology of sustainable and resilient development. The series ‘Advances in
SustainabilityScienceandTechnology(ASST)’wascreatedbySpringerNatureand
KES International to respond to the need for a publication channel for the latest
high-qualityresearchonabroadrangeofsustainabilitytopics.
The rise of the COVID-19 pandemic led researchers around the world to apply
themselves to devise measures to alleviate its harmful effects upon society. This
includednotjustclinicalresearchers,butalsothoseworkinginareassuchasengi-
neering,computerscience,andthebuiltenvironment.InMarch2021KESInterna-
tional,aprofessionalorganisationforresearchersinhigh-technologysubjectssuch
asartificialintelligenceandsustainability,heldthe‘COVID-19ChallengeInterna-
tionalVirtualSummit’.Thishadthetheme‘ATransitiontoamoreResilientWorld’
andprovidedtheopportunityforthoseundertakinginnovativeresearchonmeasures
inresponsetothepandemic,topresenttheirwork.
After the summit, selected authors were invited to write chapters for a book in
the ASST series entitled ‘Smart and Sustainable Technology for Resilient Cities
and Communities’. The aim was to create a volume of research applicable to the
mitigationoftheCOVID-19pandemicandfurthermoretolookbeyondittoimprove
the resilience of society, to make it better able to respond and withstand future
disruptive challenges, including both pandemics and increasing problems due to
climatechange.
Theoutcomewasthisbookwhichcontainsanoverviewandreportsof21research
investigationsfrommainlynon-medicalresearchersinuniversitiesaroundtheworld.
This book is directed to engineers, scientists, researchers, practitioners,
academics, and all those who are interested in developing and using sustainability
scienceandtechnologyforthebettermentofourplanetandhumankind.
v
vi Preface
Thanks are due to the authors and reviewers for their expertise and time. The
assistanceprovidedbythesupportteamatKESInternationalandSpringerNature
duringthedevelopmentphaseofthisbookisgratefullyacknowledged.
Shoreham-by-Sea,UK RobertJ.Howlett
Wales,UK JohnR.Littlewood
Selby,UK LakhmiC.Jain
Arad,Romania MariusM.Balas
Contents
1 Smart and Sustainable Technology for Resilient Cities
andCommunities—AnOverview ............................... 1
RobertJ.HowlettandJohnR.Littlewood
PartI ChangesinWorkPracticesandEmployabilityinResponse
totheCovid-19Pandemic
2 Examining Pedagogical Approaches in Developing
EmployabilitySkillsintheWakeoftheCOVID-19Pandemic ..... 11
JohnAliuandClintonAigbavboa
3 RelatingWork-IntegratedLearningtoEmployabilitySkills
inthePost-COVID-19Era ..................................... 29
JohnAliuandClintonAigbavboa
4 OpportunitiesandBarriersofDigitizationintheCOVID-19
CrisisforSMEs ............................................... 47
Ralf-ChristianHärting,Anna-LenaRösch,GianlucaSerafino,
FelixHäfner,andJörgBueechl
5 NewUrbanMobilityStrategiesAftertheCOVID-19Pandemic .... 61
DomenicoSuraci
6 IntegrationofIndoorAirQualityConcernsinEducational
CommunityThroughCollaborativeFrameworkofCampus
BiziaLaboratoryoftheUniversityoftheBasqueCountry ........ 73
IñigoRodriguez-Vidal, XabatOregi, JorgeOtaegi,
GaizkaVallespir-Etxebarria, JoséAntonioMillán-García,
andAlexanderMartín-Garín
vii
viii Contents
PartII Smart Techniques for Monitoring a Pandemic and
ForecastingitsCourse
7 An Overview of Methods for Control and Estimation
of Capacity in COVID-19 Pandemic from Point Cloud
andImageryData ............................................. 91
JesúsBalado, LucíaDíaz-Vilariño, ElenaGonzález,
andAntonioFernández
8 ModelingandEvaluatingtheImpactofSocialRestrictions
ontheSpreadofCOVID-19UsingMachineLearning ............. 107
MostafaNaemi, AminNaemi, RominaZarrabiEkbatani,
AliEbrahimi,ThomasSchmidt,andUffeKockWiil
9 ForecastingtheCOVID-19SpreadinIran,Italy,andMexico
Using Novel Nonlinear Autoregressive Neural Network
andARIMA-BasedHybridModels ............................. 119
AminNaemi, MostafaNaemi, RominaZarrabiEkbatani,
ThomasSchmidt, AliEbrahimi, MarjanMansourvar,
andUffeKockWiil
10 Spatial Statistics Models for COVID-19 Data Under
GeostatisticalMethods ......................................... 137
S.Zimeras
11 Intelligent Multi-Sensor System for Remote Detection
ofCOVID-19 ................................................. 149
G.Zaz, M.AlamiMarktani, A.Elboushaki, Y.Farhane,
A.Mechaqrane, M.Jorio, H.Bekkay, S.BennaniDosse,
A.Mansouri,andA.Ahaitouf
12 AComparativeStudyofDeepLearningModelsforCOVID-19
DiagnosisBasedonX-RayImages .............................. 163
ShahSiddiqui, EliasHossain, RezowanFerdous,
MurshedulArifeen, WahidurRahman, ShamsulMasum,
AdrianHopgood,AliceGood,andAlexanderGegov
13 FuzzyCognitiveMapsAppliedinDeterminingtheContagion
RiskLevelofSARS-COV-2BasedonValidatedKnowledge
intheScientificCommunity .................................... 175
MárcioMendonça, RodrigoH.C.Palácios, IvanR.Chrun,
AcácioFuziy,DouglasF.daSilva,andAugustoA.Foggiato
Contents ix
PartIII Changes in Teaching and Learning Practices in
ResponsetoaPandemic
14 EducationAfterCOVID-19 .................................... 193
ManuelMazzara, PetrZhdanov, MohammadRezaBahrami,
HamnaAslam,IouriKotorov,MuwaffaqImam,HamzaSalem,
JosephAlexanderBrown,andRuslanPletnev
15 Equipping European Higher Education Teachers
forSuccessfulandSustainablee-LearningwithHomeRemote
Work ........................................................ 209
InésLópez-Baldominos,VeraPospelova,andLuisFernández-Sanz
16 Fully Online Project-Based Learning of Software
DevelopmentDuringtheCOVID-19Pandemic ................... 223
AtsuoHazeyama,KiichiFurukawa,andYukiYamada
17 ATaleofTwoZones:PandemicERTEvaluation ................. 233
EnamulHaque, TanvirMahmud, ShahanaShultana,
IqbalH.Sarker,andMdNourHossain
PartIV AdaptingforImprovedResilience
18 Anticipating and Preparing for Future Change
andUncertainty:BuildingAdaptivePathways ................... 255
JeremyGibberd
19 A Health-Energy Nexus Perspective for Virtual Power
Plants:PowerSystemsResiliencyandPandemicUncertainty
Challenges .................................................... 267
SambeetMishraandChiaraBordin
20 ASustainableNutritionalBehaviorintheEraofClimate
Changes ...................................................... 285
Gavrilas¸Simona
21 The Development of a Smart Tunable Full-Spectrum
LEDLightingTechnologyWhichMayPreventandTreat
COVID-19Infections,forSociety’sResilienceandQuality
ofLife ........................................................ 297
U.Thurairajah,JohnR.Littlewood,andG.Karani
22 Energy-EfficientTechnologiesforUltra-LowTemperature
Refrigeration ................................................. 309
CosminMihaiUdroiu, AdriánMota-Babiloni,
CarlaEspinós-Estévez,andJoaquínNavarro-Esbrí
