Table Of ContentSmall Phrase Layers
Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today
Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today (LA) provides a platform for original monograph studies
into synchronic and diachronic linguistics. Studies in LA confront empirical and theoretical
problems as these are currently discussed in syntax, semantics, morphology, phonology, and
systematic pragmatics with the aim to establish robust empirical generalizations within a
universalistic perspective.
Series Editors
Werner Abraham Elly van Gelderen
University of Vienna Arizona State University
Advisory Editorial Board
Guglielmo Cinque Ian Roberts
University of Venice Cambridge University
Günther Grewendorf Ken Safir
J.W. Goethe-University, Frankfurt Rutgers University, New Brunswick NJ
Liliane Haegeman Lisa deMena Travis
University of Lille, France McGill University
Hubert Haider Sten Vikner
University of Salzburg University of Aarhus
Christer Platzack C. Jan-Wouter Zwart
University of Lund University of Groningen
Volume 65
Small Phrase Layers: A study of Finnish Manner Adverbials
by Satu Helena Manninen
Small Phrase Layers
A study of Finnish Manner Adverbials
Satu Helena Manninen
Lund University
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam / Philadelphia
™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements
of American National Standard for Information Sciences - Permanence
of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Manninen, Satu, 1968-
Small phrase layers : A study of Finnish manner adverbials / Satu Helena
Manninen.
p. cm. (Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, ISSN 0166-0829 ; v. 65)
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
1. Finnish language—Adverbials. I. Manninen, Satu, 1968-. II.
Linguistik aktuell ; Bd. 65
PH177 .M36 2003
494/.541576-dc22 2003055639
ISBN 90 272 2788 8 (Eur.) / 1 58811 443 0 (US) (Hb; alk. paper)
© 2003 - John Benjamins B.V.
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or
any other means, without written permission from the publisher.
John Benjamins Publishing Co. • P.O. Box 36224 • 1020 ME Amsterdam • The Netherlands
John Benjamins North America • P.O. Box 27519 • Philadelphia PA 19118-0519 • USA
Table of Contents
ABBREVIATIONS IX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XI
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 The scope of inquiry 1
1.1.1 What is a manner adverbial? 3
1.1.2 Syntactic function 8
1.1.3 Realisation forms 12
1.1.4 Licensing and distribution 14
1.1.5 Co-occurrence restrictions 18
1.1.6 The linear order of VP internal adverbials 19
1.2 Introduction to Finnish morphology 21
1.2.1 Nominals 22
1.2.1.1 Case and number 22
1.2.1.2 Case and number agreement 26
1.2.1.3 Possession and possessive agreement 27
1.2.2 Finite verbs 28
1.2.3 Non-finite verbs 30
1.2.4 Particles 32
1.3 Word order 33
1.4 Is Finnish a confígurational language? 36
1.5 Outline of the book 40
vi CONTENTS
THE MINIMALIST FRAMEWORK AND THE STRUCTURE OF
FINNISH SENTENCES 43
2.1 Introduction 43
2.1.1 Merge, agree, and move 45
2.1.2 Derivation by phase 50
2.2 Functional projections 51
2.3. The functional structure of Finnish sentences 54
2.3.1 The basic structure 54
2.3.2 The Finnish CP domain 63
2.4 Summary 67
ADVERBIALS AND FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES 69
3.1 Introduction 69
3.2 The theoretical framework 73
3.2.1 Kayne's (1994) antisymmetry theory and the LCA 73
3.2.2 Chomsky's (1995, 2000, 2001) Minimalist frameworks 75
3.3 The feature-based theories of adverbials 78
3.3.1 Cinque (1999) 78
3.3.1.1 Movement of, and around, adverbials 80
3.3.1.2 Circumstantial adverbials 83
3.3.1.3 Some observations 85
3.3.2 Adverbial licensing and movement in Alexiadou (1997) 87
3.3.3 The double specifier model of Laenzlinger (1998) 94
3.4 Summary 99
THE STRUCTURE OF FINNISH MANNER ADVERBIALS 103
4.1 Finnish manner adverbials 103
CONTENTS vii
4.2 Case licensing as movement and feature checking 109
4.3 Structural and lexical case in Finnish 113
4.3.1 Structural cases 114
4.3.2 Lexical cases 122
4.3.3 The semantic feature a and theta role assignment 128
4.4 Manner meaning and lexical case 133
4.5 Adverbs and lexical case 135
4.5.1 Properties of Finnish adverbs 135
4.5.2 The analysis 143
4.5.3 Some evidence 147
4.6 Summary 153
A THEORY OF LAYERED VPS 157
5.1 Preliminaries 157
5.2 A theory of layered VPs 161
5.2.1 Positions of agent and theme arguments 162
5.2.2 Arguments are specifiers of layered vPs 175
5.3 The position of Finnish subjects 179
5.4 The order of benefactive and theme arguments 191
5.5 Summary 200
THE POSITION OF FINNISH MANNER ADVERBIALS 203
6.1 Arguments and 'optional' arguments 203
6.2 A Minimalist view on arguments and 'optional' arguments 208
6.2.1 A unique position of merge , 211
6.2.2 Distribution 212
viii CONTENTS
6.2.3 Extraction from islands 215
6.2.4 Specifiers or complements? 223
6.3 The position of Finnish manner adverbials 226
6.3.1 Evidence from word order 226
6.3.2 Anaphor binding 228
6.3.3 Referential expressions 230
6.3.4 Superiority effects 232
6.3.5 Negative polarity 234
6.4 The relation between Finnish manner, place and time adverbials 237
6.4.1 Different hierarchical structures? 242
6.4.2 A unique hierarchical structure? 243
6.4.3 Why layered vPs? 246
6.5 Summary 249
CONCLUSIONS 251
REFERENCES 255
INDEX 271
Abbreviations
abess abessive case
ablat ablative case
acc accusative case
adv adverb
agr agreement
adess adessive case
allat allative case
caus causative
cl clitic
com comitative case
cond conditional mood
dat dative case
gen genitive case
elat elative case
ess essive case
illat illative case
imp imperfective aspect
imper imperative mood
l,2,3inf first, second, third infinitive
iness inessive case
instr instructive case
nom nominative case
part partitive case
pass passive
past past tense
pcp participle, participial
perf perfective aspect
pl plural number
l,2,3pl first, second, third person plural
pot potential mood
