Small Antenna Handbook

353 Pages·2011·8.12 MB·English

by  Robert C. Hansen

SMALL ANTENNA HANDBOOK
SMALL ANTENNA
HANDBOOK
ROBERT C. HANSEN
ROBERT E. COLLIN
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Hansen,RobertC.
Smallantennahandbook/R.C.HansenandR.E.Collin.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-89083-7
1. Antennas(Electronics) 2. Miniatureelectronicequipment. I. Collin,
RobertE. II. Title.
TK7871.6.H351572011
621.38204–dc23
2011013601
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
oBookISBN:9781118106860
ePDFISBN:9781118106839
ePubISBN:9781118106853
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is dedicated to these intrepid
warriors against nut-house antennas
Dick Adler
Jack Belrose
Ben Dawson
Jim Hatfield
Larry Hurzon
Rick Ridgley
IN MEMORIUM
BobCollinwasborninAlberta,Canada.Hereceivedthe
B.Sc.degreeinengineeringphysicsfromtheUniversityof
Saskatchewan in 1951. He attended Imperial College in
EnglandforgraduateworkandobtainedthePh.D.degree
inelectricalengineeringfromtheUniversityofLondonin
1954.From1954to1958,hewasaScientificOfficeratthe
Canadian Armament Research and Development Estab-
lishment, where he worked on guided missile antenna,
randome, and radar system evaluations. He joined the
RobertEmanuelCollin Electrical Engineering Department at Case Institute of
1928–2010 Technologyin1958,nowCase Western ReserveUniver-
sity.Duringhistenurethere,heservedasChairmanofthe
Department of Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics for five years and as
Interim Dean of Engineering for two years. He has been an Invited Professor at
Catholic University in Rio de Janeiro, at Telebras Research Center, Campinas,
Brazil, and at Beijing University, People’s Republic of China. Hewas also Distin-
guishedVisitingProfessorattheGraduateSchool,TheOhioStateUniversity,during
the 1982–1983 academic year.
Professor Collin authored more than 150 technical papers and 5 books. Two
books, Field Theory of Guided Waves and Foundation of Microwave Engineering,
became classics and were republished by IEEE Press.
HewasafellowofIEEE,amemberofURSICommissionB,andamemberofthe
GeophysicalSociety.OtherhonorsincludetheDickmanAwardfromCaseWestern
ReserveUniversityfordistinguishedgraduateteaching,theIEEEAPSDistinguished
CareerAward(1992),theIEEESchelkunoffPrizePaperAward(1992),andtheIEEE
Electromagnetics Award (1998). In 1990, Professor Collin was elected to the
National Academy of Engineering. His insight into the mathematics of electro-
magnetics was unparalleled.
Books by R. C. Hansen
Microwave Scanning Antennas (3 volumes)
Significant Phased Array Papers
Geometric Theory of Diffraction
Moment Methods in Antennas and Scattering
Phased Array Antennas, second edition
Electrically Small, Superdirective, and Superconducting Antennas
Books by R. E. Collin
Antenna Theory, with F. J. Zucker (2 volumes)
Field Theory of Guided Waves, second edition
Foundations of Microwave Engineering, second edition
Antennas and Radiowave Propagation
Principles and Applications of Electromagnetic Fields, with R. Plonsey
CONTENTS
PREFACE xiii
1. QUALITY FACTORS OF ESA 1
1.1 Introduction / 1
1.2 Chu Antenna Q / 4
1.3 Collin and Rothschild Q Analysis / 8
1.4 Thal Antenna Q / 14
1.5 Radian Sphere with Mu and/or Epsilon: TE Modes / 16
1.6 Radian Sphere with Mu and/or Epsilon: TM Modes / 22
1.7 Effects of Core Losses / 28
1.8 Q for Spheroidal Enclosures / 34
References / 36
2. BANDWIDTH AND MATCHING 39
2.1 Introduction / 39
2.2 Foster’s Reactance Theorem and Smith Chart / 39
2.3 Fano’s Matching Limitations / 41
2.4 Matching Circuit Loss Magnification / 46
2.5 Network and Z Matching / 48
0
2.6 Non-Foster Matching Circuits / 50
2.7 Matched and High-Z Preamp Monopoles / 51
ix
x CONTENTS
2.7.1 A Short Monopole Matched at One Frequency / 52
2.7.2 Short Monopole with High-Impedance Amplifier / 54
References / 55
3. ELECTRICALLY SMALL ANTENNAS: CANONICAL TYPES 59
3.1 Introduction / 59
3.2 Dipole Basic Characteristics / 59
3.2.1 Dipole Impedance and Bandwidth / 59
3.2.2 Resistive and Reactive Loading / 67
3.2.3 Other Loading Configurations / 76
3.2.4 Short Flat Resonant Dipoles / 78
3.2.5 Spherical Helix Antennas / 82
3.2.6 Multiple Resonance Antennas / 84
3.2.6.1 Spherical Dipole; Arc Antennas / 84
3.2.6.2 Multiple Mode Antennas / 86
3.2.6.3 Q Comparisons / 87
3.2.7 Evaluation of Moment Method Codes for Electrically Small
Antennas / 88
3.3 Partial Sleeve, PIFA, and Patch / 93
3.3.1 Partial Sleeve / 93
3.3.2 PIFA Designs / 94
3.3.3 Patch with Permeable Substrate / 98
3.4 Loops / 101
3.4.1 Air Core Loops, Single and Multiple Turns / 101
3.4.2 Permeable Core Loops / 107
3.4.3 Receiving Loops / 114
3.4.4 Vector Sensor / 116
3.5 Dielectric Resonator Antennas / 120
References / 127
4. CLEVER PHYSICS, BUT BAD NUMBERS 135
4.1 Contrawound Toroidal Helix Antenna / 135
4.2 Transmission Line Antennas / 138
4.3 Halo, Hula Hoop, and DDRR Antennas / 138
4.4 Dielectric-Loaded Antennas / 140
4.5 Meanderline Antennas / 141
4.6 Cage Monopole / 142
References / 143
CONTENTS xi
5. PATHOLOGICAL ANTENNAS 147
5.1 Crossed-Field Antenna / 147
5.2 Infinite Efficiency Antenna / 149
5.3 E–H Antenna / 150
5.4 TE–TM Antenna / 150
5.5 Crossed Dipoles / 151
5.6 Snyder Dipole / 152
5.7 Loop-Coupled Loop / 155
5.8 Multiarm Dipole / 158
5.9 Complementary Pair Antenna / 158
5.10 Integrated Antenna / 159
5.11 Q¼0 Antenna / 160
5.12 Antenna in a NIM Shell / 161
5.13 Fractal Antennas / 162
5.14 Antenna on a Chip / 170
5.15 Random Segment Antennas / 171
5.16 Multiple Multipoles / 171
5.17 Switched Loop Antennas / 173
5.18 Electrically Small Focal Spots / 174
5.19 ESA Summary / 174
References / 175
6. SUPERDIRECTIVE ANTENNAS 181
6.1 History and Motivation / 181
6.2 Maximum Directivity / 182
6.2.1 Apertures / 182
6.2.2 Arrays / 183
6.2.2.1 Broadside Arrays of Fixed Spacing / 183
6.2.2.2 Endfire Arrays / 186
6.2.2.3 Minimization Codes / 192
6.2.2.4 Resonant Endfire Arrays / 192
6.3 Constrained Superdirectivity / 194
6.3.1 Dolph–Chebyshev Superdirectivity / 194
6.3.2 Superdirective Ratio Constraint / 198
6.3.3 Bandwidth or Q Constraint / 200
6.3.4 Phase or Position Adjustment / 200
6.3.5 Tolerance Constraint / 201
xii CONTENTS
6.4 Bandwidth, Efficiency, and Tolerances / 201
6.4.1 Bandwidth / 201
6.4.2 Efficiency / 205
6.4.3 Tolerances / 208
6.5 Miscellaneous Superdirectivity / 209
6.6 Superdirective Antenna Summary / 210
References / 210
7. SUPERCONDUCTING ANTENNAS 215
7.1 Introduction / 215
7.2 Superconductivity Concepts for Antenna Engineers / 215
7.3 Dipole, Loop, and Patch Antennas / 221
7.3.1 Loop and Dipole Antennas / 222
7.3.2 Microstrip Antennas / 223
7.3.3 Array Antennas / 225
7.3.4 Millimeter-Wave Antennas / 229
7.3.4.1 Waveguide Flat Plane Array / 229
7.3.4.2 Microstrip Planar Array / 230
7.3.5 Submillimeter Antennas / 232
7.3.6 Low-Temperature Superconducting Antennas / 232
7.4 Phasers and Delay Lines / 233
7.5 Superconducting Antenna Summary / 236
References / 236
APPENDIX A A WORLD HISTORY OF ELECTRICALLY
SMALL ANTENNAS 243
APPENDIX B DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USEFUL TO ESA 277
APPENDIX C SPHERICAL SHELL OF ENG METAMATERIAL
SURROUNDING A DIPOLE ANTENNA 279
APPENDIX D FREQUENCY DISPERSION LIMITS
RESOLUTION IN VESELAGO LENS 307
AUTHOR INDEX 335
SUBJECT INDEX 343