Slow - and Controlled-Release and Stabilized Fertilizers: An Option for Enhancing Nutrient Efficiency in Agriculture

163 Pages·2016·5.39 MB·English

by  Trenkel M.E.

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Slow- and Controlled-Release and
Stabilized Fertilizers: An Option for
Enhancing Nutrient Use Efficiency
in Agriculture
M.E. Trenkel
International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA)
Paris, France, 2010
The designation employed and the presentation of material in
this information product do not imply the expression of any opi-
nion whatsoever on the part of the International Fertilizer Industry
Association. This includes matters pertaining to the legal status of any
country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimi-
tation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Slow- and Controlled-Release and Stabilized Fertilizers: An Option for Enhancing
Nutrient Efficiency in Agriculture.
Second edition, IFA, Paris, France, October 2010
Copyright 2010 IFA. All rights reserved
ISBN 978-2-9523139-7-1
The publication can be downloaded from IFA’s web site.
To obtain paper copies, contact IFA.
28, rue Marbeuf,
75008 Paris, France
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
[email protected]
www.fertilizer.org
Printed in France
Layout: Claudine Aholou-Putz, IFA
Graphics: Hélène Ginet, IFA
3
Contents
About the book and the author 6
Acknowledgements 7
Abbreviations, acronyms and symbols 8
Introduction 11
1. Definitions of slow- and controlled-release fertilizers and nitrification
and urease inhibitors 14
1.1. Slow- and controlled-release fertilizers 14
1.2. Nitrification inhibitors 16
1.3. Urease inhibitors 16
2. Development and manufacture of slow- and controlled-release
fertilizers and nitrification and urease inhibitors 17
2.1. Slow- and controlled-release fertilizers 17
2.2. Nitrification and urease inhibitors 18
2.2.1. Nitrification inhibitors 18
2.2.2. Urease inhibitors 20
3. Characteristics and types of slow- and controlled-release fertilizers
and nitrification and urease inhibitors 21
3.1. Characteristics of slow- and controlled-release fertilizers 21
3.1.1. Slow- and controlled-release fertilizers available for application 26
3.1.2. Coated/encapsulated slow- and controlled-release fertilizers 28
3.2. Characteristics of nitrification inhibitors 36
3.2.1. General 36
3.2.2. Types of nitrification inhibitors available for application 41
3.3. Characteristics of urease inhibitors 51
3.3.1. General 51
3.3.2. Types of urease inhibitors available for application 54
4. Advantages and disadvantages of slow- and controlled-release
fertilizers and nitrification and urease inhibitors 61
4.1. Advantages 61
4.1.1. Slow- and controlled-release fertilizers 61
4.1.2. Nitrification inhibitors 63
4.1.3. Urease Inhibitors 66
4 Slow- and controlled-release and stabilized fertilizers
4.2. Disadvantages 67
4.2.1. Slow- and controlled-release fertilizers 67
4.2.2. Nitrification inhibitors 68
4.2.3. Urease inhibitors 69
5. Options for the application of slow- and controlled-release fertilizers
and nitrification and urease inhibitors 70
5.1. Slow- and controlled-release fertilizers 70
5.2. Nitrification inhibitors 78
5.2.1. DCD 78
5.2.2. DMPP 80
5.2.3. Nitrapyrin (N-Serve®) 82
5.3. Urease inhibitors 84
5.4. Nitrification and urease inhibitors in tropical crops 87
6. Environmental aspects of slow- and controlled-release fertilizers
and nitrification and urease inhibitors 90
6.1. Slow-and controlled-release fertilizers 90
6.2. Nitrification inhibitors 93
6.3. Urease inhibitors 99
7. Consumption and economics of slow- and controlled-release
and nitrification and urease inhibitors 101
7.1. Consumption 101
7.1.1. Slow- and controlled-release fertilizers 101
7.1.2. Nitrification inhibitors 103
7.1.3. Urease inhibitors 103
7.2. Costs and benefits of slow- and controlled-release fertilizers and nitrification
and urease inhibitors 104
7.2.1. Slow- and controlled-release fertilizers 104
7.2.2. Nitrification inhibitors 109
7.2.3. Urease inhibitors 111
8. Legislation and registration 114
8.1. Slow- and controlled-release fertilizers 114
8.2. Nitrification inhibitors 118
8.3. Urease inhibitors 119
9. Research 121
9.1. Slow- and controlled-release fertilizers 121
9.2. Nitrification and urease inhibitors 122
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Addendum. Manufacturers and distributors of slow- and controlled-
release fertilizers and nitrification and urease inhibitors 125
1. Urea reaction products/slow-release fertilizers 125
2. Coated/encapsulated controlled-release fertilizers 126
3. Nitrification inhibitors 128
4. Urease inhibitors 129
Annex I. Methods used to test controlled-release fertilizers in Japan 130
Annex II. Laboratory methods used to test slow- and controlled-
release fertilizers in China 131
References 133
6 Slow- and controlled-release and stabilized fertilizers
About the book and the author
About the book
This book is a revision of the IFA publication “Improving Fertilizer Use Efficiency:
Controlled-Release and Stabilized Fertilizers in Agriculture” by the same author,
published in 1997. It is intended for use by the fertilizer industry, policy makers and
scientists. The main objectives of the book are to:
 Provide an up-to-date state of scientific knowledge on issues related to the
development, production and use of slow- and controlled-release and stabilized
fertilizers;
 Explain the importance of slow- and controlled-release and stabilized fertilizers to
improve nutrient use efficiency;
 Present slow- and controlled-release and stabilized fertilizer products that are
currently available;
 Assess the current market and prospects for slow- and controlled-release and
stabilized fertilizers; and
 Discuss the policy and regulatory frameworks needed to maximize the benefits from
using slow- and controlled-release and stabilized fertilizers.
This book is a contribution to IFA’s efforts to promote nutrient stewardship through
the use of the right product(s) at the right rate, right time and right place (IFA, 2009).
About the author
Martin Trenkel is a German scientist. He is an accredited Agricultural Engineer from the
Christian-Albrechts-University in Kiel, Germany, with plant nutrition and soil science
as top subjects. He also holds a PhD degree in agriculture from the same University.
Martin Trenkel joined BASF Aktiengesellschaft in 1955 as an agricultural adviser
overseas. He travelled extensively consulting and lecturing in the Middle East, Latin
America, Africa, Europe and the Far East. From 1962 to 1968, he was based in Uruguay
for the BASF Agricultural Division, coordinating BASF’s agricultural services in Latin
America (fertilizers and plant protection). He retired in 1991, as the Director Fertilizer
Product Management, in the Fertilizer Division of BASF.
Martin Trenkel has also served as:
 Chairman of the Technical Sub-Committee of the FAO/Fertilizer Industry Advisory
Committee (FIAC) in Rome;
 Chairman of the FIAC 'Ad-hoc Working Party on Fertilizer Marketing and Credit' in
Rome;
7
 Chairman of the Technical Committee of the Centre d'Etude de L'Azote in Zürich;
 Vice-Chairman of the Agricultural Committee of the International Fertilizer
Industry Association (IFA) in Paris.
He has authored and co-authored several publications.
Since 1991, Martin Trenkel has been a consultant for the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the European Fertilizer Manufacturers
Association (EFMA) and the German Foundation for International Development
(DSE), among others.
Acknowledgements
I wish to thank Sadao Shoji (Sendai, Japan) for his considerable support in guiding,
commenting and providing valuable suggestions for the chapters on slow- and
controlled-release fertilizers. Also I wish to thank Anton Amberger (Freising/
Weihenstephan, Germany) for his contributions, valuable discussions and help with the
chapters on nitrification and urease inhibitors.
Their support has greatly determined the structure of this publication.
My thanks also to Johnny (A.E.) Johnston (Rothamsted Research, UK) for editing the
manuscript on behalf of IFA.
Furthermore, I want to thank all the speakers at the IFA International Workshop on
Enhanced-Efficiency Fertilizers, held in June 2005 in Frankfurt, Germany. The data and
conclusions they presented have contributed to this publication.
In particular, my thanks go to those with whom I have had discussions and who have
sent me their published literature. They are acknowledged in the references, as are all
the other authors whose publications have been used in writing this book.
I wish particularly to thank Luc Maene, Director General of IFA, for his initiative,
which has led to this publication; Patrick Heffer for his excellent cooperation and
advice during writing; Angela Olegario for her kind assistance, specifically reading
and correcting the drafts; Claudine Aholou-Pütz and Hélène Ginet for the layout and
graphics in preparation for printing.
Finally, I want to thank my daughter, Katharina, for dealing with the vast
correspondence with many different people during the writing of this book.
8 Slow- and controlled-release and stabilized fertilizers
Abbreviations, acronyms and symbols
(as used in the book)
Abbreviations
AI Activity index
AM 2-Amino-4-chloro-6-methyl-pyramidine
AS Ammonium sulphate
ASN Ammonium sulphate nitrate
ATP Adenosintriphosphate
ATS Ammonium thiosulphate
BMP Best management practice
CAN Calcium ammonium nitrate
CDU Cyclo diurea (condensation product of urea and acetaldehyde)
CEC Cation exchange capacity
CLMP 4-chloro-3-methylpyrazole
CMP 1-carbamoyle-3-methylpyrazole
CRF Controlled-release fertilizer
CRN Controlled-release nitrogen
CRU Controlled-release urea
CWI Cold water insoluble
CWS Cold water soluble
DAT Days after transplanting
DCD Dicyandiamide
DMPP 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate
DMTU Dimethylene triurea
ED Efficiency design
ESN ‘Environmentally smart nitrogen’
EVA Ethylene vinyl acetate
FBMP Fertilizer best management practice
GHG Greenhouse gas
HQ Hydroquinone
HWI Hot water insoluble
HWS Hot water soluble
IBDU Isobutylidene diurea
MDU Methylene diurea
3-MP 3-methyl pyrazole
NBPT N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide
NICU Neem/Nimin-extract-coated urea