Sleep Disorders: Diagnosis and Therapeutics

746 Pages·2008·7.055 MB·English

by  S.R. Pandi-Perumal, Joris Verster, Jaime Monti, Salomon Langer

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Sleep Disorders
Diagnosis and Therapeutics
Edited by
SR Pandi-Perumal
MSc
President and CEO
Somnogen Inc.
New York, NY
USA
Joris C Verster
PhD
Utrecht University,
Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences
Faculty of Science
Section Psychopharmacology
Utrecht, The Netherlands
Jaime M Monti
MD
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
University of the Republic School of Medicine
Montevideo
Uruguay
Malcolm Lader
MD PhD
Emeritus Professor of Clinical Psychopharmacology
Institute of Psychiatry
London
UK
Salomon Z Langer
MD
Vice President Research
Alpha-2 Pharmaceutica AB
Tel Aviv
Israel
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© 2008 Informa UK Ltd
First published in the United Kingdom in 2008 by Informa Healthcare, Telephone House, 69–77 Paul Street, London
EC2A 4LQ. Informa Healthcare is a trading division of Informa UK Ltd. Registered Office: 37/41 Mortimer Street,
London W1T 3JH. Registered in England and Wales number 1072954.
Tel: [phone]
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Website: www.informahealthcare.com
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in
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Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP.
Although every effort has been made to ensure that all owners of copyright material have been acknowledged in
this publication, we would be glad to acknowledge in subsequent reprints or editions any omissions brought to our
attention.
Although every effort has been made to ensure that drug doses and other information are presented accurately in
this publication, the ultimate responsibility rests with the prescribing physician. Neither the publishers nor the
authors can be held responsible for errors or for any consequences arising from the use of information contained
herein. For detailed prescribing information or instructions on the use of any product or procedure discussed
herein, please consult the prescribing information or instructional material issued by the manufacturer.
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Data available on application
ISBN 10: 0 415 43818 7
ISBN 13: 978 0 415 43818 6
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Within Continental USA
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Paul Abrahams
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Composition by C&M Digitals (P) Ltd, Chennai, India
Printed and bound in India by Replika Press Pvt Ltd
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To our wives and families.
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Contents
List of contributors xi
Preface xvii
Credits and acknowledgments xx
1. Classification of sleep disorders 1
Imran M Ahmed and Michael J Thorpy
2. Sleep loss and sleepiness 11
Thomas J Balkin and Nancy J Wesensten
3. Approach to the patient with a sleep complaint 21
Michael J Thorpy and Imran M Ahmed
4. Manifestations of hypersomnia 34
Michel Billiard
5. Neuropsychology of sleep disorders 43
Christian Bellebaum and Irene Daum
6. Receptor mechanisms in sleep and wakefulness 52
Christopher M Sinton and Robert W McCarley
7. Transient insomnia: a behavioral sleep medicine perspective 70
Gregory S Vander Wal, Megan E Ruiter and Kenneth L Lichstein
8. Chronic insomnia 80
Michael H Bonnet and Donna L Arand
9. Rebound with hypnotic medication 90
Malcolm Lader
10. Benzodiazepines: an overview 96
Dimitris Dikeos, Christos G Theleritis and Constantin R Soldatos
11. Benzodiazepines: effects on memory functioning 105
Danièle Bentué-Ferrer and Yvette Akwa
12. Behavioral therapy, sleep hygiene, and psychotherapy 115
Chien-Ming Yang and Matthew R Ebben
13. Sleep factors 124
Fabio García-García and René Drucker-Colín
14. CYP enzyme system and its relevance to the pharmacology of sleep 133
Inna D’Empaire and Sheldon H Preskorn
15. Pharmacokinetics: basic concepts for dosage regimen considerations 140
Saeed A Qureshi
16. Chronopharmacology: principles and applications in sleep medicine 153
SR Pandi-Perumal, Perumal Subramanian, Ilya Trakht and Daniel P Cardinali
17. Sleep and geriatric psychopharmacology 163
David J Greenblatt
18. Antihistamines and sleep 174
Michael Grözinger, Birte Huth and Ashish Sharma
19. First-generation hypnotics and sedatives 187
Paulo R Shiroma and Milton Kramer
20. GABA -benzodiazepine receptors as targets for new hypnotics 206
A
Hanns Möhler
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vi CONTENTS
21. Benzodiazepines: effects on sleep 220
Dimitris G Dikeos, Christos G Theleritis and Constantin R Soldatos
22. Indiplon 223
David N Neubauer
23. Serotonergic drugs as sleep medications 230
Alessandro Serretti and Antonio Drago
24. Prostaglandins and sleep–wake regulation 246
Yoshihiro Urade and Osamu Hayaishi
25. Function of endocannabinoids and related compounds in sleep 259
Oscar Prospéro-García, Andrea Herrera-Solís,
Aldebarán Prospéro-García and Vincenzo Di Marzo
26. Sleep medications: when to prescribe and rationale for use 268
Sarah M Richey and Andrew D Krystal
27. Stimulants: mechanisms and therapeutic prospects 281
Elemer Szabadi and Ebony R Samuels
28. Zolpidem: its use in the treatment of sleep disorders 295
Jaime M Monti, SR Pandi-Perumal and Salomon Z Langer
29. Eszopiclone: efficacy and safety 324
Jadwiga Najib and Gary K Zammit
30. Zaleplon 352
Joseph Barbera and Colin M Shapiro
31. Z-drugs: comparative tolerability 364
Mario Giovanni Terzano, Giulia Milioli, Fernando De Paolis and Liborio Parrino
32. Rationale for the development of the Z–drugs 379
David Nutt and Sue Wilson
33. Melatonin 385
Nava Zisapel
34. Ramelteon: a melatonin receptor agonist 394
Richard J Wurtman
35. The rationale for the development of melatonin receptor ligands 402
Gilberto Spadoni, Annalida Bedini, Marco Mor and Silvia Rivara
36. Schizophrenia, sleep, and antipsychotic drugs 417
Luc Staner, Nadine Noël and Rémy Luthringer
37. Interrelationships between sleep, depression, and antidepressant drugs 427
Sohrab Zahedi, Jayesh Kamath and Andrew Winokur
38. Antiepileptic drugs: effects on sleep and wakefulness 443
Silvia Neme, Nancy F Foldvary-Schaefer and Madeleine Grigg-Damberger
39. Hormones and sleep 457
Axel Steiger
40. Time-zone travel, jet lag, and sleep disturbances 467
Thomas Reilly and Jim Waterhouse
41. Alcohol, sleep, sleep disorders, and consequent daytime impairment 480
Timothy A Roehrs and Thomas Roth
42. Sleep medication and traffic safety 487
Joris C Verster, Monique AJ Mets, Lieke M de Senerpont Domis and Edmund R Volkerts
43. Effects of hypnotic drugs on body balance and standing steadiness 493
Monique AJ Mets, Lieke M de Senerpont Domis
Berend Olivier, Edmund R Volkerts and Joris C Verster
44. Neuropharmacology of opioids 518
Christian Zöllner
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CONTENTS vii
45. Sleep and breathing disorders in adults 526
Mandy Jones and Mary J Morrell
46. Continuous positive airway pressure therapy 536
John Garvey and Walter McNicholas
47. Pharmacological treatment of obstructive sleep apnea 545
Vivien C Abad and Christian Guilleminault
48. Surgical options in snoring and obstructive sleep apnea 558
Kenny P Pang and David J Terris
49. Restless legs syndrome: treatment options 567
Lynn Marie Trotti, Donald L Bliwise and David B Rye
50. Restless legs syndrome: effects on cognitive functioning,
memory, and psychomotor performance 577
Federica Provini, Roberto Vetrugno and Pasquale Montagna
51. Pharmacological treatment of narcolepsy 587
Victoria Y Zvonkina and Jed E Black
52. Modafinil and neuropharmacology of narcolepsy 597
Seiji Nishino
53. Narcolepsy: effects on cognitive functioning, memory, and psychomotor performance 608
John M Shneerson and Delia C Randall
54. Dreams: physiology, pharmacology, and psychology 618
Milton Kramer, Rashi Aggarwal and Sosunmolu Shoyinka
55. Sleep and dreaming – medication effects and side-effects 627
JF Pagel
56. Appendix I: The subjective measurement of excessive daytime sleepiness 643
Murray W Johns
57. Appendix II: The Multiple Sleep Latency Test and Maintenance of
Wakefulness Test: use and procedures 658
Donna L Arand and Michael H Bonnet
58. Appendix III: The OSLER test 669
Giuseppe Liistro and Daniel Rodenstein
59. Appendix IV: The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index 671
Wendy M Troxel and Daniel J Buysse
60. Appendix V: Scoring rules and general guidelines for the Pittsburgh Insomnia Rating Scale 680
Douglas E Moul and Daniel J Buysse
61. Appendix VI: The Athens Insomnia Scale 687
Dimitris Dikeos, Christos G Theleritis and Constantin R Soldatos
62. Appendix VII: The Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire for psychopharmacology research 689
AC Parrott and I Hindmarch
63. Appendix VIII: Sleep Hygiene Practice Scale 694
Chien-Ming Yang and Matthew R Ebben
64. Appendix IX: Cyclic Alternating Pattern 695
Mario Giovanni Terzano, Arianna Smerieri, Fernando De Paolis,
Giulia Milioli and Liborio Parrino
65. Appendix X: Body mass index 701
Index 713
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Contributors
Vivien C Abad MDMBA Annalida Bedini PhD
Stanford University Sleep Disorders Center Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica
Camino Medical Group Università degli Studi di Urbino
Palo Alto Medical Foundation Urbino
Cupertino, CA Italy
USA
Christian Bellebaum PhD
Rashi Aggarwal MD Institute of Congnitive Neuroscience
Department of Psychiatry Department of Neuropsychology
Maimonides Medical Center Ruhr-University of Bochum
Brooklyn, NY Bochum
USA Germany
Imran M Ahmed MD Danièle Bentué-Ferrer PhD
Sleep-Wake Disorders Center Service de Pharmacologie
Montefiore Medical Centre Faculté de Médecine
Bronx, NY Rennes
USA France
Yvette Akwa PhD Michel Billiard MD
Faculté de Médecine Department of Neurology
Université Paris-Sud Gui de Chauliac Hospital
Paris Montpellier
France France
Donna L Arand PhD Jed E Black MD
Kettering Hospital Sleep Disorders Center Stanford Sleep Disorders Clinic
Dayton, OH Stanford, CA
USA USA
Thomas J Balkin PhD Donald L Bliwise PhD
Chief, Department of Behavioral Biology Department of Neurology
Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Emory University School of Medicine
Silver Spring, MD Atlanta, GA
USA USA
Joseph Barbera MD Michael H Bonnet PhD
The Youthdale Child and Adolescent Sleep Centre Dayton Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Department of Psychiatry Dayton, OH
University of Toronto USA
Toronto, Ontario
Canada