Skin Bioscience: A Molecular Approach

233 Pages·2014·17.773 MB·English

by  Toyoko Imae

edited by
editeeddei tdbeiytde bdy by
Toyoko Imae
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the cutting edge of skin science and technologies relating to the stratum
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corneum, the indispensable outermost layer of our skin that protects us from
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Prof. Kazutami Sakamoto
ProfP. KroPafrz.o uKft.a aKzmuazti auSmtaakim aSmia Skoaatkmoaomtooto
Chiba Institute of Science, Japan
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principles to skin care and dermatological therapy. Although the investigation i
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of human skin bioscience is not necessarily easy because of the limitations nnn
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on the use of native human skin, many academic scientists and industrial B
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engineers have been involved in this labored research with their creative i
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molecular approach. Following the description of the fundamental structure eee
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and unique functionality of the skin, the response of the skin to exterior nnn
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stimulation is described. Furthermore, attention is paid to the beautification ccc
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and regeneration of the skin. This book provides molecular knowledge of the eee
and arengaden rndeeg rreeagntieeonrnae toriaof tntiho oenf sotkhfi enth .s Tekh isniks. i Tnbh.o Tiosh kbi sop borookvo pikdr oepvsr oimdveoidsl eemcs uomllaeorcl ukenlcauorl wkanrle kodnwgoleew dolegf dtehg oeef othf eth e
skin and stimulates interest in further investigation and development of skin
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bioscience.
biosbciieobnsiccoeise.cniecen.ce.
Toyoko Imae was born in Japan. She joined the National
ToyoTkooTy ooIykmooak eoIm wIamaesa web aowsr anbs oinbrn oJ raninp ainJna .p JSaaphnea. n Sj.ho Seinh ejeod i jnotehindee dtNh aetth ioNen aNatilao tnioanl al
Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan, as
TaiwTaaniTw aUaiwnna ivnUe nrsUiivtneyir vseoitrfys i tSyoc fi eonSf cceiSe cniaecnend c eaT neadcn hdTne ocTlheoncghoynl,o oTglaoyi,gw yTa,a niTw, aaiawns a, na, s as
honorary chair professor in April 2009, immediately after
honohroahnroyo nracorhryaa rircy h pacrhiroa fieprs rsopofrero sfsienos rs Aoirpn r iinlA p2Ar0ipl0 r92il, 0 20im090,m 9iem, dimimaetmedleiyad tiaeafltytee lray ftaefrt er
retiring from Keio University, Japan. She is also professor
retirirnegtri eriftnriroginm gf r oKfmeroi omK eUKinoei vioUe nrsUiivtneyi,rv seJitraysp,i tayJn,a .p JaaSpnha.e n S.ih s Seah liess o i aspl sraool sfoeps rsopofrero sfseosrs or
emeritus at Nagoya University since 2006. Her major
emeerimtueemsr ietauritst usNa ta gatoN yaaNg aogUyaon yivaUe nrsUiivtneyir vseistriysni tcyes ins2cien0 c0e62 .0 20H06e0. r6 H. meHra ejorm r amjoarj or
research areas are the fabrication, functionalization, and
researercsrehea sreacarher cahas reaaarrsee a sat rheae r etfh aetbh reifca abftarioibcnrai,tc iaoftunion, ncft,u ionfnucantilcoiztnaioatinloizanali,tz iaoatnnio,d n a, nadn d
physicochemical investigation of nanomaterials, including polymers, I
physpichopycshhiycesomicchoicecahml eimcianilcv aelis ntivgineasvtteiiogsntai gtiaootnfio nno af noofn mannaaotenmroiaamtlesa,r tieairlnsia,c llsu,i ndciinlnugcd luindpgion lgypm oeplyrosm,l yemrse, rs, mIm ImIm
nanoparticles, and molecular assemblies, in solutions and at interfaces. Her
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basic science. Prof. Imae has published more than 290 peer-reviewed journal
basicb ascbsiiaecs nsiccc eise.c nPiecroen.fc .P eIrm. oPfar.o eIm fh. Iaames apheua hbs alpissu hpbeuldibs hmliesohdre emd t ohmraeon rt eh2 a9thn0a 2pn9e 20e9 rp-0ree pevrei-eerwer-vreiedevw jioeewudre njdoau lj ornuarnl al
articles, 25 reviews, and 25 book chapters; edited Advanced Chemistry of
articalertsai,c r2tlei5csl ,e r2se,v5 i2 er5we vrsie,e vawineswd, as2,n 5ad n b2do5 o2 kb5 o cbohokao pckth eacrhsp;at eeprdtsei;t resed;d eitAdedidtve aAdnd cAveaddnv acCenhdce emCdhi sCetrmhye imsotfri syt royf of
Monolayers at Interfaces: Trends in Methodology and Technology (2007); and
MonMoloaMnyoeornlsao yaleatr ysIen artset raIfnat tcIenertsfea: rTcferaescn:e dTsrs: e Tinnrde nMs dienst hiMno edMtoheloothdgooyd loaognloyd g aTyne cadhn Tndeo cTlhoencghoyn lo(o2gl0oy0 g(7y2) 0;( 20a07n0)d; 7 a);n adn d
co-edited Neutrons in Soft Matter (2011). She has received several awards.
co-ecdoit-ceeodd- eitNdeeidtue tNdroe nNuste ruiontnr osS noinsft iSnMo afStto tMfetr a Mt(2tae0tr1t e(12r) 0.( 21S01h1)e. 1 S)h.h aSesh hreea chse arivse ecrdeei cvseeeidvvee sdrea vls eearvwaelar aradlw saa. wrdasr.d s.
She also contributes to the academic advancement as typified by an editorial
She aSlhsSeoh acelos anolt scrooib ncuottrneibtsru itboteu tsth eteos attocha etdh aeecm aadcicae damdeivmca aincdc avedamnvaceennmct eaemsn tety napsti fatiyesp dtyi fbpieyifd aie nbd ye b daynit a oenrdi aeitldo irtioarl ial
advisory board of scientific journals. Prof. Imae was an executive member of
adviasodravydis bvoiorsyao rrbdyo obafor dsac roidef nostcfi ifseiccni etjoinfuitcir fnjioca uljsor.n uParrnlosa.f .lP sIr.m oPfar.o eImf w. Iamaes a waena w se aaxsen ca eunxt eeivcxeue tcmiuveteim vmeb eemmr eobmfe br eorf of
the Council for Science and Technology Policy in Japan and a member of the
the Cthoeuth nCeco iCul ofnoucrin lS cfcoili erf onSrcc eiSe caninecedn c aTeen cadhn Tndeo cTlheoncghoynl oPogololyigc Pyyo iPlnioc Jylia cipnya Jinna paJanapnda aann m adn eadm m ab eemmr eobmfe tbrh eoerf othf eth e
Science Council of Japan.
ScienScceiSe cCnieocenu cnCeco iCul oonufc Jinla copifla oJnaf. pJaapna.n.
V331
V331V33V1331
ISBN 978-981-4364-95-9
ISBN I9S7B8INS-9 B98N71- 849-39768841-9--4983516--4943-9654--995-9

Skin
Bioscience

(cid:49)(cid:66)(cid:79)(cid:1)(cid:52)(cid:85)(cid:66)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:69)(cid:1)(cid:52)(cid:70)(cid:83)(cid:74)(cid:70)(cid:84)(cid:1)(cid:80)(cid:79)(cid:1)(cid:51)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:66)(cid:67)(cid:77)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:38)(cid:79)(cid:70)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:90)(cid:1)(cid:137)(cid:1)(cid:55)(cid:80)(cid:77)(cid:86)(cid:78)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:19)
edited by
Toyoko Imae
Skin
A Molecular Approach
Bioscience
editors
Preben Maegaard
Anna Krenz
Wolfgang Palz
The Rise of Modern Wind Energy
Wind Power
for the World
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Version Date: 20131219
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-981-4364-96-6 (eBook - PDF)
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Contents
1. Structure and Functionality of the Skin 1
Ichiro Hatta
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Structural Study on the Stratum Corneum by
X-Ray Diffraction 4
1.2.1 Small- and Wide-Angle X-Ray
Diffraction 4
1.2.2 Temperature-Scanning Measurements 7
1.2.3 Sensitive Detection of Minute
Structural Change by Applying
Chemical Agents 7
1.3 Domains in the Stratum Corneum 7
1.3.1 Background 7
1.3.2 Domains Formed in the Intercellular
Lipid Matrix 9
1.3.2.1 Thermal analysis of phase
transitions in the hairless
mouse stratum corneum 9
1.3.2.2 Temperature change of small-
and wide-angle X-ray
diffraction of the hairless
mouse stratum corneum 11
1.3.2.3 Phase transition at 39°C 15
1.3.2.4 Quantitative analysis for
coexistence of two domains 17
1.4 Penetration Routes in the Stratum Corneum 20
1.4.1 Background 20
1.4.2 Penetration Route of Hydrophilic
Molecules in the Stratum Corneum 22
1.4.3 Penetration Route of Hydrophobic
Molecules in the Stratum Corneum 28
1.4.4 Schematic View of Penetration Routes 29
1.5 Water in the Stratum Corneum 30
1.5.1 Background 30
vi Contents
1.5.2 Water Regulation Mechanism in the
2. Response for ExStetrrantaul mSti Cmourlnaetiuomn on the Skin 3433
Masaki Ujihara and Toyoko Imae
2.1 Introduction 43
2.2 Structures and Evaluation of the Stratum
Corneum 44
2.2.1 Structures of the Stratum Corneum 45
2.2.2 Evaluation of the Stratum Corneum 48
2.2.2.1 Natural stratum corneum 49
2.2.2.2 Mimicked stratum corneum 53
2.3 External Stimulations 57
2.3.1 Water and Aqueous Solutions 57
2.3.2 Hydrophobic Compounds (Oils) 59
2.3.3 Amphiphilic Compounds
(Surfactants) 62
2.3.4 Nanomaterials 68
2.3.5 Physical Stimulations 70
3. 2B.e4a utifiCcaotinocnlu osifo tnhse Skin 7813
Satoshi Amano, Tomonobu Ezure, and Toshii Iida
3.1 Introduction 83
3.2 Skin Surface Texture 84
3.2.1 Involvement of the Epidermis and
the Dermis in the Skin Surface Texture 85
3.2.1.1 Recovery of the skin surface
texture after grafting CEAs 85
3.2.1.2 Keratinocyte differentiation
in the epidermis of the
CEA-grafted skin 85
3.2.1.3 Fibrillin and elastin
expressions in the dermis
of the CEA-grafted skin 87
3.3 Facial Pores 89
3.3.1 Facial Pore Size Influenced a Great
Deal by Skin Condition 90
3.3.2 Possible Role of Oleic Acid in
Enlargement of Facial Pores 90
Contents vii
3.3.3 Glycine Receptor Agonist as the
Controller of Enlargement of
Facial Pores 91
3.3.4 Involvement of IGF-1 in the
Conspicuousness of Facial Pores 92
3.4 Sagging 94
3.4.1 Sagging of the Cheek related to Skin
Elasticity, Fat Mass, and Mimetic
Muscle Function 94
3.4.1.1 Photograph-based grading
criteria for sagging severity
of the cheek 94
3.4.1.2 Evaluation of the sagging
grading procedure 96
3.4.1.3 Sagging associated negatively
with skin elasticity and facial
muscular function and
positively with body fat mass 97
3.4.2 Influence of Subcutaneous Adipose
Tissue Mass on Dermal Elasticity and
Sagging Severity in the Lower Cheek 99
3.4.2.1 Influence of subcutaneous
adipose tissue on dermal
elasticity 99
3.4.2.2 Relationship between facial
sagging and subcutaneous
adipose layer thickness 100
3.5 Wrinkles 102
3.5.1 Severity of Wrinkling at the Forehead
Related to the Degree of Ptosis of the
Upper Eyelid 102
3.5.1.1 Photograph-based grading
criteria for transiently
formed wrinkles at the
forehead 103
3.5.1.2 No relationship between
dermal elasticity and the
severity of transient wrinkles
at the forehead 105
viii Contents
3.5.1.3 Severity of transient wrinkle
formation correlating with
frontalis muscle activity in
upward gazing 105
3.5.1.4 Ptosis of the upper eyelid
affecting transient wrinkle
formation 106
3.5.1.5 Severity of fixed wrinkles
correlating with ptosis of the
upper eyelid 108
3.6 Skin Aging 110
3.6.1 Acute UVB Irradiation Inducing
Dermal Angiogenesis and Elastin
Degradation 111
3.6.2 Imbalance between TSP-1 and VEGF
in the Epidermis after Acute UVB
Irradiation 112
3.6.3 Increased TSP-1 Reducing
Angiogenesis and Wrinkle Formation 112
3.6.4 Ultrastructural Alteration of
Epidermal Basement Membrane
in Sun-Exposed Skin 113
3.6.5 Involvement of Matrix
Metalloproteinases and Plasminogen
Activator/Plasmin in Damage to
Epidermal Basement Membrane in
Sun-Exposed Skin 115
3.6.6 Enhanced Basement Membrane
Formation in the Presence of Laminin
332 and in Response to Increased
Synthesis of Basement Membrane
Components in a Skin-Equivalent
Model 117
3.6.7 Fibulin-5 Deposition in Human Skin:
Decreasing with Aging and Ultraviolet
B Exposure and Increasing in Solar
Elastosis 118
3.6.8 Fibulin-5 Accelerating Elastic Fiber
Assembly in Human Skin Fibroblasts 119
3.7 Conclusion 120