Table Of ContentM Site-Specific Ground Motions
a
lh
o
t
r
a
S for Seainsmd Oict hDeers Sigtrnu ocft uBrueisldings
it
e
-S
p
e
c
ific
G
r
o
u
n
d
M
o
t
io
n
s
fo
r
S
e
is
m
ic
D
e
s
ig
n
o
f B
u
ild
in
g
s
a
n
d
O
t
h
e
r
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
Praveen K. Malhotra
fi
Site-Speci c Ground Motions
for Seismic Design of Buildings
and Other Structures
Other Titles of Interest
MinimumDesignLoadsandAssociatedCriteriaforBuildingsandOtherStructures(7-16),
bytheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers.(ASCE/SEI 2017).Standard ASCE/SEI
7-16 provides requirements for general structural design and includes means for
determiningvariousloadsandtheircombinations,whicharesuitableforinclusionin
building codes and other documents. (978-0-7844-1424-8)
SeismicEvaluationandRetrofitofExistingBuildings(41-17),bytheAmericanSocietyof
Civil Engineers. (ASCE/SEI 2017). Standard ASCE/SEI 41-17 describes deficiency-
basedandsystematicproceduresthatuseperformance-basedprinciplestoevaluate
and retrofit existing buildings to withstand the effects of earthquakes. (978-0-7844-
1485-9)
SeismicLoads:GuidetotheSeismicLoadProvisionsofASCE7-16,byFinleyA.Charney,
Thomas F. Heausler, and Justin D. Marshall (ASCE Press 2020). Authors Charney,
Heausler, and Marshall provide clear, authoritative explanations of the seismic
design provisions contained in Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for
Buildings and Other Structures, Standard ASCE/SEI 7-16. (978-0-7844-1550-4)
GeotechnicalBaselineReportsforConstruction:SuggestedGuidelines,editedbyRandallJ.
Essex. (ASCE/CI 2007). This book examines the role of the geotechnical baseline
report(GBR)asameansofallocatingandmanagingsubsurfacerisksassociatedwith
subsurface construction. (978-0-7844-0930-5)
EarthquakesandEngineers:AnInternationalHistory,byRobertK.Reitherman.(ASCE
Press 2012). Robert Reitherman offers the first comprehensive treatment of the
engineering techniques devised around the world to address seismic problemsand
design structures that resist earthquakes. (978-0-7844-1071-4)
fi
Site-Speci c Ground Motions
for Seismic Design of Buildings
and Other Structures
Praveen K. Malhotra, Ph.D., P.E.
Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Malhotra,PraveenK.,author.|AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers,issuingbody.
Title: Site-specific seismic ground motions for the design of buildings and other structures / Praveen
K.Malhotra.
Description: Reston, Virginia : ASCE Press, [2022] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
|Summary:“Malhotraprovidesastep-by-stepapproachtoproperlyconductsite-specificGMHAand
SRA,andinformsreadersofvariousresourcesthatareavailabletoperformGMHAandSRA”–Provided
bypublisher.
Identifiers:LCCN2021047272|ISBN9780784415962(paperback)|ISBN9780784483855(pdf)
Subjects:LCSH:Earthquakehazardanalysis–UnitedStates.|Earthquakehazardanalysis–Mathematical
models.|Soils–UnitedStates–Testing.|Seismology–UnitedStates.|Structuralengineering–Standards–
UnitedStates.|Earthquakeresistantdesign–UnitedStates.
Classification:LCCQE535.2.U6M352022|DDC624.1/762–dc23/eng/20211130
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2021047272
PublishedbyAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers
1801AlexanderBellDrive
Reston,Virginia20191-4382
www.asce.org/bookstore|ascelibrary.org
Anystatementsexpressedinthesematerialsarethoseoftheindividualauthorsanddonotnecessarily
representtheviewsofASCE,whichtakesnoresponsibilityforanystatementmadeherein.Noreference
madeinthispublicationtoanyspecificmethod,product,process,orserviceconstitutesorimpliesan
endorsement,recommendation,orwarrantythereofbyASCE.Thematerialsareforgeneralinformation
only and do not represent a standard of ASCE, nor are they intended as a reference in purchase
specifications,contracts,regulations,statutes,oranyotherlegaldocument.ASCEmakesnorepresenta-
tion or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, concerning the accuracy, completeness,
suitability,orutilityofanyinformation,apparatus,product,orprocessdiscussedinthispublication,and
assumesnoliabilitytherefor.Theinformationcontainedinthesematerialsshouldnotbeusedwithout
firstsecuringcompetentadvicewithrespecttoitssuitabilityforanygeneralorspecificapplication.Anyone
utilizing such information assumes all liability arising from such use, including but not limited to
infringementofanypatentorpatents.
ASCEandAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers—RegisteredinUSPatentandTrademarkOffice.
Photocopiesandpermissions.PermissiontophotocopyorreproducematerialfromASCEpublicationscanbe
requestedbysendinganemailtopermissions@asce.orgorbylocatingatitleintheASCELibrary(https://
ascelibrary.org)andusingthe“Permissions”link.
Errata:Errata,ifany,canbefoundathttps://doi.org/10.1061/9780784415962.
Copyright©2022bytheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers.
AllRightsReserved.
ISBN978-0-7844-1596-2(print)
ISBN978-0-7844-8385-5(PDF)
ManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
27 26 25 24 23 22 1 2 3 4 5
Dedication
I dedicate this book to my father, Shri B. L. Malhotra, for everything he has
taught me.
v
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi
Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xv
Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Chapter 1 Response Spectrum of Ground Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.2 Ground Motion Histories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.3 Geometric-Mean, Maximum-Horizontal, and Rotated-Median
Amplitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.4 Single-Degree-of-Freedom System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
1.5 Deformation Response Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
1.6 Pseudo-Acceleration Response Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
1.7 Pseudo-Velocity Response Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
1.8 Tripartite Response Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
1.9 Geometric-Mean, Maximum-Horizontal, and Rotated-Median
Response Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
1.10 Smooth Response Spectrum from PGA, PGV, and PGD . . . . . . . .16
1.11 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
Chapter 2 General Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
2.2 Site Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
2.3 Site Class. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
2.4 MCE and Design Response Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
R
2.5 Tripartite Plot of Design Response Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
2.6 Displacement-Sensitive Region of Design Response Spectrum . . . . . .28
2.7 Vertical Response Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
2.8 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
vii
viii CONTENTS
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Chapter 3 Ground Motion Hazard Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
3.2 UHRS for V = 2,500 ft/s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
S30
3.3 Magnitude and Distance of Controlling Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . .36
3.4 Calculation of Epsilon ε . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
3.5 UHRS for Actual V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
S30
3.6 Conversion from Geometric-Mean to Maximum-Horizontal. . . . . . . .40
3.7 Probabilistic MCE Response Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
R
3.8 Deterministic MCE Response Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
R
3.9 Site-Specific MCE Response Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
R
3.10 Design Response Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
3.11 Tripartite Plot of Design Response Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
3.12 S and S from GMHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
DS D1
3.13 PGA from GMHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
M
3.14 PGA, PGV, and PGD of Design Ground Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
3.15 Vertical Response Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50
3.16 Near-Field (Near-Source) Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52
3.17 Steps of GMHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
3.18 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
Chapter 4 Site Response Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
4.2 MCE Response Spectrum of Outcrop Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
R
4.3 Histories of Outcrop Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
4.4 Dynamic Analyses of Soil Profiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
4.5 MCE Response Spectrum of Free-Surface Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
R
4.6 Design Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
4.7 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Chapter 5 GMHA for a Site in California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
5.2 Site Coordinates and Site Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
5.3 General Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
5.4 UHRS for Reference V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
S30
5.5 Proof of Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
5.6 Max UHRS for Actual V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
S30
5.7 Risk Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
5.8 Probabilistic MCE Response Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
R
5.9 Deterministic MCE Response Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
R
CONTENTS ix
5.10 Site-Specific MCE Response Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
R
5.11 Design Response Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
5.12 Tripartite Plot of Design Response Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
5.13 S and S from GMHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
DS D1
5.14 PGA from GMHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
M
5.15 PGA, PGV,and PGD of Design Ground Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
5.16 Vertical Response Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
5.17 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
Chapter 6 Ground Motions for Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Buildings . 89
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
6.2 BSE-2N Ground Motions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
6.3 BSE-1N Ground Motions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
6.4 BSE-2E Ground Motions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
6.5 BSE-1E Ground Motions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
6.6 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
Chapter 7 Ground Motions for Design of Bridges, LNG Tanks, and Tall
Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
7.1 AASHTO and Caltrans Ground Motions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
7.2 OBE Ground Motions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
7.3 SSE Ground Motions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
7.4 Service-Level Ground Motions for Tall Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
7.5 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
Chapter 8 Damping Adjustment of Response Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
8.2 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
8.3 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
8.4 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
Chapter 9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
