Table Of Content-
SILICON AND NANO SILICON IN ENVIRONMENTAL
STRESS MANAGEMENT AND CROP QUALITY
IMPROVEMENT
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SILICON AND
-
NANO SILICON IN
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS
MANAGEMENT AND
CROP QUALITY
IMPROVEMENT
Progress and Prospects
Edited by
H E
ASSAN TESAMI
SoilScienceDepartment,CollegeofAgricultureandNaturalResources,UniversityofTehran,Tehran,Iran
A H. A S
BDULLAH L AEEDI
DepartmentofEnvironmentandNaturalResources,FacultyofAgricultureandFoodScience,
KingFaisalUniversity,Al-Hofuf,SaudiArabia
H E R
ASSAN L- AMADY
SoilandWaterDepartment,FacultyofAgriculture,KafrelsheikhUniversity,KafrEl-Sheikh,Egypt
M F
ASAYUKI UJITA
FacultyofAgriculture,KagawaUniversity,Kagawa,Japan
M P
OHAMMAD ESSARAKLI
UniversityofArizona,Tucson,AZ,UnitedStates
M A H
OHAMMAD NWAR OSSAIN
DepartmentofGeneticsandPlantBreeding,BangladeshAgriculturalUniversity,Mymensingh,Bangladesh
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Contents
List of contributors xi Conflict ofinterest 31
Acknowledgments 31
About the editors xv
References 31
Preface xvii
3. Silicon uptake, acquisition, and accumulation
1. Sources of silicon and nano-silicon in soils and
in plants 37
plants 1
SEYEDABDOLLAHHOSSEINI
HASSANEL-RAMADY,KRISHANK.VERMA,VISHNUD.RAJPUT,
TATIANAMINKINA,FATHYELBEHERY,HEBAELBASIONY, 3.1 Introduction 37
TAMERELSAKHAWY,ALAAEL-DEINOMARAANDMEGAHEDAMER
3.1.1 Siin soiland plant 37
1.1 Introduction 1 3.2 Silicon uptake, acquisition, andaccumulation in
1.2 Sourcesofsiliconand nano-silicon in soils 2 higherplants 37
1.2.1 Siliconin soils and its forms 2 3.2.1 Siuptake byroot system 38
1.2.2 Siliconcyclein soiland its bioavailability 4 3.2.2 Sitransport invasculartissue 39
1.3 Nano-siliconrolein soils 5 3.3 Si accumulationand depositionin different
1.4 Silicon andnano-siliconin plants 6 parts ofplant 40
1.4.1 Siliconroleand its mechanism inplants 6 3.4 Conclusion andfuture perspective 40
1.4.2 Nano-siliconand its role inplants 8 References 40
1.5 Conclusion 10
Acknowledgment 10
References 10 4. Biological function of silicon in a grassland
ecosystem 43
DANGHUIXU,MOHAMMADANWARHOSSAINANDROBERTHENRY
2. Silicon and nano-silicon: New frontiers of
biostimulants for plant growth and stress 4.1 Introduction 43
amelioration 17 4.2 Silicon distributionin meadow plants 44
4.3 Silicon inrelation to plant community structure
MAHIMAMISTISARKAR,PIYUSHMATHURANDSWARNENDUROY
in alpine meadow 45
2.1 Introduction 17 4.4 Silicon inrelation to plant carbon, nitrogen and
2.2 Prospect ofsilicon and nano-silicon as phosphorusconcentration 47
biostimulants 18 4.5 Silicon inrelation to plant physiological aspects
2.3 Silicon: anunderestimated elementfor plant in presence of N-fertilization 48
growth 19 4.6 Conclusions and perspective 50
2.3.1 Siliconin plant growth anddevelopment 20 Acknowledgements 51
2.3.2 Role of silicon instress alleviation 21 References 51
2.4 Emergingroleof nano-silicon 24
2.4.1 Nano-siliconin plant growth and
development 24
5. Use of silicon and nano-silicon in
2.4.2 Role of nano-silicon instress alleviation 25
agro-biotechnologies 55
2.5 Crosstalkwith phytohormones for the elicitation
AMANDACAROLINAPRADODEMORAESAND
ofenhanced tolerance 28
PAULOTEIXEIRALACAVA
2.6 Molecular mechanismofthe alleviationof
stress by silicon and nano-silicon 30 5.1 Introduction 55
2.7 Conclusions, current status, and future 5.2 Silicon for plant health 55
perspectives 31 5.3 Nano-silicon 56
v
vi Contents
5.3.1 Nano-siliconas nanoregulators, 8.3.3 Role ofSiin strengthening antioxidant
nanopesticides, and nanofertilizers 57 defense system ofplants 98
5.3.2 Nano-siliconas delivery systems 59 8.4 Conclusion andfuture prospects 99
5.3.3 Nano-siliconassociated with plant References 99
growth-promoting bacteria 60
5.4 Conclusions and perspectives 61
Acknowledgments 61 9. Nanosilicon-mediated salt stress tolerance
References 61
in plants 105
MUHAMMADJAFIR,MUHAMMADASHARAYUBAND
6. The genetics of silicon accumulation in plants 67 MUHAMMADZIAURREHMAN
LIBIAIRISTREJO-TE´LLEZ,LIBIAFERNANDAGO´MEZ-TREJO, 9.1 Introduction 105
HUGOFERNANDOESCOBAR-SEPU´LVEDAAND
FERNANDOCARLOSGO´MEZ-MERINO 9.2 Effect ofsalt stress on plants 105
9.3 Silicon: abeneficial nutrient in saline agriculture 108
6.1 Introduction 67 9.4 Nanosilica: types,sources, synthesis, and uptake
6.2 Geneticand molecular basis of Siuptakeand mechanism 109
movement ofSiwithinplant cells 68 9.4.1 Types ofnanosilica 109
6.3 Distribution ofLsi channelsand Silp1proteins in 9.4.2 Nanosilica, sources, and synthesis 110
plants 70 9.4.3 Absorptionpathways ofnanosilica 110
6.4 Conclusion 71 9.5 Chemistryof nano-Siin salt-contaminated soil 111
References 72 9.5.1 The fate ofSiNPsinsoil 111
9.5.2 Transportation assimilationand intertissue
dynamicsof nano-Siinplants 112
7. Silicon-mediated modulations of genes and
9.6 Nano-Si-mediated tolerancein plants under
secondary metabolites in plants 77
salinity stress 112
SAADFAROUK 9.6.1 Physiological modulation 112
9.6.2 Biochemical effects 112
7.1 Introduction 77
9.6.3 Gene expression 114
7.2 Overview andassortment ofplant secondary
9.7 Conclusion 114
metabolites 78
9.8 Futuredirection 115
7.3 Stress andprotection reactions inrelation to the
References 115
secondary metabolites production 79
7.4 Silicon modulation ofsecondary metabolism
within stress condition 80
7.5 Silicon-mediated expressionoftranscription 10. Silicon- and nanosilicon-mediated drought
factorsand some associated secondary metabolite and waterlogging stress tolerance in plants 121
responsivegenes 82
ABDULLAHALSAEEDI,MOHAMEDM.ELGARAWANI,
7.6 Conclusion and perspective 84 TAREKALSHAALANDNEVIENELHAWAT
References 85
10.1 Introduction 121
10.2 Drought and waterlogging stress definition and
8. Silicon improves salinity tolerance in
forms 122
crop plants: Insights into photosynthesis,
10.3 Ecological grouping of plant accordingto
defense system, and production of phytohormones 91 drought andwaterlogging stress tolerance 122
FREEHASABIR,SANANOREEN,ZAFFARMALIK, 10.4 Response ofplant physiology, biochemistry, and
MUHAMMADKAMRAN,MUHAMMADRIAZ, molecular biology ofdroughtand waterlogging
MUHAMMADDAWOOD,AASMAPARVEEN,SOBIAAFZAL,
stress tolerance inplants 122
IFTIKHARAHMADANDMUHAMMADALI
10.4.1 Physiologicalresponse todroughtstress 123
8.1 Introduction 91 10.4.2 Molecular response to droughtstress 123
8.2 Salinity-inducedinjuries in plants 92 10.4.3 Waterlogging 123
8.2.1 Osmotic injury in plants 92 10.4.4 Physiologicalresponse towaterlogging 124
8.2.2 Specific iontoxicity 92 10.4.5 Biochemical changesunder
8.3 Regulatory roleof Sitomitigate salt stress 93 waterlogging 124
8.3.1 Silicon-induced salt tolerance and 10.4.6 Molecular response to waterlogging 124
photosynthesis restoration 94 10.5 Effect ofdroughtand waterlogging stress on
8.3.2 Siand enhancement of phytohormones 97 plant and yield components 125
Contents vii
10.5.1 Morphological and anatomical changes 125 12.2.2 Coldstress and ROS metabolism
10.5.2 Morphological and anatomical changes affected by Si 165
to waterlogging stress 126 12.2.3 Accumulation ofthe low-molecular
10.5.3 Effect ofdroughton nutritional status 127 weight compounds under cold stress
10.5.4 Effect ofwaterlogging on nutritional affected by Si 166
status 127 12.2.4 Hormone signaling under cold stress
10.6 Mechanisms of drought and waterlogging stress affected by Si 168
in plants 127 12.2.5 Mineral nutrition ofplantsunder cold
10.6.1 Signaling and stomatal behavior 128 stress affected by Si 169
10.6.2 Mechanisms of droughtresistance 129
12.2.6 Phenolics metabolismunder cold stress
10.6.3 Mechanisms of resistanceto
affected by Si 169
waterlogging 130
12.2.7 Modifications incell wallproperties
10.7 Role ofsilicon and nanosilicon in alleviating the
under cold stress affected by Si 170
deleterious effect ofdroughtand waterlogging
12.2.8 Lignification under cold stress
stress 130
affected by Si 171
10.8 Mechanisms of silicon-and nanosilicon-mediated
12.2.9 Contribution of apoplast to the cold
droughtandwaterlogging stress tolerance in
tolerance affected bySi 172
plants 132
12.3 Concluding remarks 174
10.9 Conclusion andfuture perspectives 139
Acknowledgment 174
Acknowledgment 139
References 174
References 139
11. Silicon and nanosilicon mediated heat stress
13. Silicon and nano-silicon mediated heavy
tolerance in plants 153
metal stress tolerance in plants 181
ABIDAPARVEEN,SAHARMUMTAZ,
SEYEDMAJIDMOUSAVI
MUHAMMADHAMZAHSALEEM,IQBALHUSSAIN,
SHAGUFTAPERVEENANDSUMAIRATHIND
13.1 Introduction 181
11.1 Silicon and plants 153 13.2 Heavymetals:Functions,effects, and
classification based on necessity 181
11.2 Silicon dynamicsand distributionin plants 153
11.3 Nanosilicon and plants 153 13.3 Silicon/nano-silicon plays a vital rolein the
11.4 Use ofnanosilicon topromote plant growth alleviation ofheavy metalstoxicity in plants 183
and heat stress tolerance 154 13.3.1 Silicon/nano-silicon mechanisms to
11.5 Role ofsilicon and nanosilicon particles in ameliorate potentiallytoxic metals
improving heat stress endurance 154 stress in plants 183
11.6 Regulation ofantioxidant activities bysilicon 13.4 Conclusion 188
in crop plants under heat stress 155 References 188
11.7 Mechanisms of silicon-mediated amelioration
ofheat stress inplants 155
11.8 Silicon and nanosilicon against several plant 14. Silicon- and nanosilicon-mediated disease
diseases 157
resistance in crop plants 193
Reference 157
KAISARAHMADBHAT,ANEESABATOOL,MADEEHAMANSOOR,
MADHIYAMANZOOR,ZAFFARBASHIR,MOMINANAZIRAND
12. Silicon-mediated cold stress tolerance in SAJADMAJEEDZARGAR
plants 161
14.1 Introduction 193
ROGHIEHHAJIBOLAND 14.2 Role ofSi andnano-Si inmitigating plant
stresses 194
12.1 Introduction 161
14.2.1 Role ofSi inalleviating biotic stress 194
12.1.1 Chilling injury in plants 161
12.1.2 Freezing injury in plants 161 14.2.2 Role ofnano-Si inalleviating biotic
stress 196
12.1.3 Cold acclimation 162
12.1.4 Cold sensing and signaling 162 14.3 Disease resistance modulation by Si 196
12.2 Mitigation oflow-temperature stress by Si 164 14.3.1 Physical mechanisms 196
12.2.1 Water relations and photosynthesis 14.3.2 Si-mediated biochemical resistance
under cold stress affected by Si 165 mechanism 197
viii Contents
14.3.3 Genealteration(molecularmechanisms) 199 17.2.1 Chemical synthesis 230
14.3.4 Nanosilicon mediatedmechanisms for 17.2.2 Biological synthesis 231
disease resistance 200 17.3 Uptake and depositionofSiNPs 232
14.4 Conclusion andfuture perspective 200 17.4 SiNPsversusconventional insecticides in
References 201 insect pest management 232
17.4.1 SiNPsand biocontrolagents 234
15. Silicon and nanosilicon mitigate nutrient 17.5 SiNPsin tri-trophic interactions 234
deficiency under stress for sustainable crop 17.6 SiNPsand genetic engineering 235
17.7 Toxicity ofSiNPs tocrop plants 235
improvement 207
17.8 SiNPs:Advantages anddisadvantages 236
KRISHANK.VERMA,XIU-PENGSONG,ZHONG-LIANGCHEN,
17.9 Conclusions and future line ofwork 236
DAN-DANTIAN,VISHNUD.RAJPUT,MUNNASINGH,
TATIANAMINKINAANDYANG-RUILI References 237
15.1 Introduction 207
18. The combined use of silicon/nanosilicon and
15.2 Silicon and nanosilicon application insoil
arbuscular mycorrhiza for effective management
and plants 208
of stressed agriculture: Action mechanisms and
15.3 Silicon/nano-Siand micronutrients 208
15.3.1 Iron (Fe) 208 future prospects 241
15.3.2 Zinc (Zn) 209 HASSANETESAMI,EHSANSHOKRIANDBYOUNGRYONGJEONG
15.3.3 Manganese (Mn) 210
18.1 Introduction 241
15.3.4 Copper (Cu) 211
18.2 Silicon-mediated plant stress alleviation 242
15.4 Si/nSi-mediated alleviation ofheavy metal
18.3 Nanosilica-mediated plant stress alleviation 244
stress in plants 211
18.4 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-mediated plant
15.5 Conclusion andfuture prospective 213
stress alleviation 246
Acknowledgments 213
18.5 Plant stress alleviation mediated by the combined
Conflict of Interest 214
use ofsilicon and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi 249
References 214
18.6 Conclusions and future perspectives 252
16. Silicon as a natural plant guard against Acknowledgments 253
References 253
insect pests 219
C.M.KALLESHWARASWAMY,M.KANNANANDN.B.PRAKASH
19. Biodissolution of silica by rhizospheric
16.1 Introduction 219 silicate-solubilizing bacteria 265
16.2 Effect ofSion host plant selection for
HASSANETESAMIANDBYOUNGRYONGJEONG
oviposition and feeding 220
16.3 Si physical defense against herbivores 220 19.1 Introduction 265
16.4 Effect ofSion palatability and digestibility 221 19.2 Plant growth-promotingrhizosphere bacteria 267
16.5 Effect ofSion biology, feeding behavior,and 19.3 Silicate-solubilizing bacteria 267
performance ofinsects 222 19.3.1 Isolating and screening of
16.6 Effect ofSion natural enemiesand tritrophic silicate-solubilizing bacteria 268
interaction 222 19.3.2 Silicate-solubilizing bacteriaaction
16.7 Commercial sources ofSiand their induced mechanisms for the silicon availability
resistance against herbivory 223 for plants 269
16.8 Combined effect ofSiwith other amendments 19.4 Plant growth-promotingeffects of
and plant growth regulators 224 silicate-solubilizingbacteria 271
16.9 Conclusions and future prospects 224 19.5 Conclusion andfuture perspectives 272
References 224 Acknowledgments 272
References 272
17. Recent developments in silica-nanoparticles
20. Silicon and nano-silicon in plant nutrition
mediated insect pest management in agricultural
and crop quality 277
crops 229
SAIMARIAZ,IQBALHUSSAIN,ABIDAPARVEEN,
MALLIKARJUNAJEER
MUHAMMADARSLANARSHRAF,RIZWANRASHEED,
SAMANZULFIQAR,SUMAIRATHINDANDSAMIYAREHMAN
17.1 Introduction 229
17.2 Synthesis ofSiNPs 229 20.1 Introduction 277
Contents ix
20.2 Silicon as micronutrient 279 Acknowledgments 321
20.3 Directimpact of Siand Si-NPs on plants 280 References 321
20.4 Si-NPs as a delivering agent for fertilizers 283
20.5 Effectsof Siand Si-NPs on plant nutrient
23. Nanosilica-mediated plant growth and
uptake 285
environmental stress tolerance in plants:
20.6 Effectsof Siand Si-NPs fertilizer on protein and
mechanisms of action 325
amino acids contents 287
20.7 The roleofSi and Si-NPs in crop quality 288 JONASPEREIRADESOUZAJU´NIOR,RENATODEMELLOPRADO,
CIDNAUDISILVACAMPOS,GELZACARLIANEMARQUESTEIXEIRA
20.8 Conclusions and future perspectives 288
ANDPATRI´CIAMESSIASFERREIRA
References 288
23.1 Introduction 325
23.2 Nanosilica stability insolution andefficiency in
21. Effect of silicon and nanosilicon application providing Sito crops 326
on rice yield and quality 297 23.3 Effectsof nanosilica on plants grown under
environmental stress 328
NOROLLAHKHEYRI
23.3.1 Morphological changes 328
21.1 Introduction 297 23.3.2 Biochemical changes 330
21.2 Impactsof Siand nano-Sion rice yield and 23.3.3 Physiologicalchanges 331
quality 298 23.4 Limitations andfuture perspective 333
21.2.1 Impacts of Siand nano-Sion increasing References 334
growth, agronomic parameters, and Further reading 337
grain yield ofrice 298
21.2.2 Impacts of Siand nano-Sion improving
24. Manipulation of silicon metabolism in
nutrient uptakeofrice 302
plants for stress tolerance 339
21.2.3 Impacts of Siand nano-Sion
ameliorating yield and quality ofrice ZAHOORAHMAD,ASIMABBASI,SYEDAREFATSULTANA,
EJAZAHMADWARAICH,ARKADIUSZARTYSZAK,ADEELAHMAD,
under biotic and abioticstresses 303
MUHAMMADAMMIRIQBALANDCELALEDDINBARUTC¸ULAR
21.3 Conclusion andfuture perspective 304
References 305 24.1 Background 339
24.2 Impact ofstresses on plant growth 339
24.3 Metabolic changes under stress 340
22. Biological impacts on silicon availability and 24.4 Agronomic approaches for abioticstress
cycling in agricultural plant-soil systems 309 management 340
24.4.1 Planting time 341
DANIELPUPPE,DANUTAKACZOREKANDJO¨RGSCHALLER
24.4.2 Irrigation management 341
22.1 Introduction 309 24.5 Nutrition role instress tolerance 341
22.2 Plantsand phytogenic silica 310 24.5.1 Nitrogen 342
22.2.1 Phytogenic silicainplants—formation 24.5.2 Potassium, magnesium,and zinc 342
and function 310 24.5.3 Calcium 342
22.2.2 Phytogenic silicainsoils—distribution 24.5.4 Salinity 342
and pool quantities 312 24.5.5 Drought 343
22.3 Further organisms and corresponding BSi pools 315 24.6 Impact ofsilicon nutrition under stresses 343
22.3.1 Unicellular organisms insoils—the role 24.7 Role ofsilicon in plant metabolism 343
of protists in terrestrialSi cycling 315 24.8 Conclusions and remarks 344
22.3.2 Sponges, fungi, and bacteria—the References 344
underexplored players in terrestrial Si
cycling 317
22.4 Implications for ecosystem functioning and 25. Directions for future research to use silicon
services ofagricultural plant-soilsystems 317 and silicon nanoparticles to increase crops
22.4.1 Anthropogenic desilication—how tolerance to stresses and improve their quality 349
humans influence Sicycling 318
HASSANETESAMI,FATEMEHNOORIANDBYOUNGRYONGJEONG
22.4.2 Anthropogenic desilication—strategies
for prevention 319 25.1 Introduction 349
22.5 Concluding remarks 320 25.2 Futuredirections ofsilicon/nanosilicon
22.6 Futuredirections 320 application in agriculture 352
