Table Of ContentSignals and Communication Technology
Fernando Gregorio
Gustavo González
Christian Schmidt
Juan Cousseau
Signal Processing
Techniques for Power
Efficient Wireless
Communication
Systems
Practical Approaches for RF
Impairments Reduction
Signals and Communication Technology
SeriesEditors
EmreCelebi,DepartmentofComputerScience,UniversityofCentralArkansas,
Conway,AR,USA
JingdongChen,NorthwesternPolytechnicalUniversity,Xi’an,China
E.S.Gopi,DepartmentofElectronicsandCommunicationEngineering,
NationalInstituteofTechnology,Tiruchirappalli,TamilNadu,India
AmyNeustein,LinguisticTechnologySystems,FortLee,NJ,USA
H.VincentPoor,DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,PrincetonUniversity,
Princeton,NJ,USA
This series is devoted to fundamentals and applications of modern methods of
signal processing and cutting-edge communication technologies. The main topics
are information and signal theory, acoustical signal processing, image processing
and multimedia systems, mobile and wireless communications, and computer and
communication networks. Volumes in the series address researchers in academia
and industrial R&D departments. The series is application-oriented. The level of
presentation of each individual volume, however, depends on the subject and can
rangefrompracticaltoscientific.
“SignalsandCommunicationTechnology”isindexedbyScopus.
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/4748
Fernando Gregorio (cid:129) Gustavo González
Christian Schmidt (cid:129) Juan Cousseau
Signal Processing Techniques
for Power Efficient Wireless
Communication Systems
Practical Approaches for RF Impairments
Reduction
FernandoGregorio GustavoGonzález
Dpto.deIng.EléctricaydeComputadoras Dpto.deIng.EléctricaydeComputadoras
UniversidadNacionaldelSur(UNS), UniversidadNacionaldelSur(UNS),
InstitutodeInv.enIng.Eléctrica“Alfredo InstitutodeInv.enIng.Eléctrica“Alfredo
Desages”(IIIE),UNS-CONICET Desages”(IIIE),UNS-CONICET
BahíaBlanca BahíaBlanca
BuenosAires,Argentina BuenosAires,Argentina
ChristianSchmidt JuanCousseau
Dpto.deIng.EléctricaydeComputadoras Dpto.deIng.EléctricaydeComputadoras
UniversidadNacionaldelSur(UNS), UniversidadNacionaldelSur(UNS),
InstitutodeInv.enIng.Eléctrica“Alfredo InstitutodeInv.enIng.Eléctrica“Alfredo
Desages”(IIIE),UNS-CONICET Desages”(IIIE),UNS-CONICET
BahíaBlanca BahíaBlanca
BuenosAires,Argentina BuenosAires,Argentina
ISSN1860-4862 ISSN1860-4870 (electronic)
SignalsandCommunicationTechnology
ISBN978-3-030-32436-0 ISBN978-3-030-32437-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32437-7
©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020
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ToPatricia,Manuela,Delfina,andLuisa.
Fernando
Tomyfamilyandfriends.
Gustavo
Tomyfriends,myfamily,andMarina.
Christian
ToCristian,Ignacio,andMiriam.
Juan
Preface
This book is a synthesis of the tasks and research experiences carried out in
the Laboratory of Signal Processing and Communications (LaPSyC), CONICET,
UniversidadNacionaldelSur,Argentine,since2003.
Itincludesbroadlyknownmodelsandtechniques,usedinthesignalprocessing
community,whichfacilitatestheirapplicationandunderstanding.
Emphasisisplacedonmethodologiesoflowcomplexityandscalabletodifferent
applications. It also emphasizes measures of performance and impact of each
compensationtechniqueinthecorrespondingcontext.
To allow a more direct reading, not only for academic community but also
for industry, the contents are divided into three parts: (1) basic models, (2)
compensationtechniques,and(3)applicationsinadvancedtechnologies.
Thefirstpartdescribes,ontheonehand,basicarchitecturesoftransceiversand
their component blocks, and on the other, modulation techniques. Together they
describe the behavior to be taken into account, regardless of the distortions to
compensateproducedbythespecifictechnologiesofimplementation.
In the second part, several schemes of compensation and/or reduction of
imperfections are addressed, among which we highlight: linearization of power
amplifiers, compensation of the characteristic of analog-to-digital converters, and
CFOcompensationforOFDMmodulation.
Inthethirdpart,someoftheprevioustechniquesareusedinmodernapplications
of wireless communications systems such as full-duplex transmission, massive
MIMOschemes,andfinallyapplicationsininternetofthings.
BahíaBlanca,Argentina FernandoGregorio
BahíaBlanca,Argentina GustavoGonzález
BahíaBlanca,Argentina ChristianSchmidt
BahíaBlanca,Argentina JuanCousseau
July2019
vii
Contents
PartI DefinitionsandModels
1 Introduction................................................................. 3
1.1 Motivation:5GWirelessSystemsandItsRequirements........... 3
1.2 BasicComponentsoftheCommunicationSystem................. 5
1.3 ImplementationIssues ............................................... 7
1.4 MainContributionsoftheBook..................................... 8
1.5 OutlineoftheBook .................................................. 8
References.................................................................... 9
2 DigitalBlockandRFFront-EndModels ................................ 11
2.1 Introduction........................................................... 11
2.2 MetricsforWirelessCommunicationSystems ..................... 13
2.2.1 LinkBudget................................................. 13
2.2.2 Nonlinearities............................................... 14
2.2.3 NoiseFigure ................................................ 16
2.2.4 ErrorVectorMagnitude .................................... 17
2.3 WirelessChannelModels............................................ 17
2.3.1 CoherenceBandwidthandCoherenceTime .............. 19
2.4 BasebandBlock:MulticarrierModulation.......................... 20
2.5 PowerAmplifiers:NonlinearDistortion ............................ 22
2.5.1 PAPRandPowerEfficiency................................ 23
2.5.2 PowerAmplifierModels ................................... 25
2.6 LowNoiseAmplifiers................................................ 27
2.7 Mixers:PhaseandAmplitudeImbalances.......................... 28
2.8 LocalOscillator:PhaseNoise ....................................... 30
2.8.1 Millimeter-WavePhaseNoiseModeling.................. 32
2.9 Analog-to-DigitalConverters(ADC) ............................... 34
2.9.1 ADC:PerformanceMetrics................................ 34
2.9.2 MetricsofSpectralPurity.................................. 35
2.9.3 TransferFunctionLinearityMetrics....................... 35
ix
x Contents
2.10 Digital-to-AnalogConverters(DAC)................................ 37
2.10.1 BinaryWeighedDAC ...................................... 37
2.10.2 SegmentedDAC............................................ 38
2.11 SummaryoftheKeyPoints.......................................... 38
References.................................................................... 38
3 EnergyConsumption....................................................... 41
3.1 Introduction........................................................... 41
3.2 EnergyEfficiencyandSpectralEfficiency.......................... 42
3.3 DigitalBlockandFront-EndPowerConsumptionModels ........ 45
3.3.1 RadioFrequencyFront-End................................ 45
3.3.2 BasebandProcessing ....................................... 51
3.4 ADC: Power Consumption, Resolution, and Sampling
FrequencyTrade-Off................................................. 54
3.4.1 ADCFiguresofMeritandApproximatePower
Consumption................................................ 55
3.4.2 Lower Bound on Power Consumption for
Noise-LimitedADCs....................................... 56
3.5 Short-RangeandLong-RangeLinks................................ 57
3.6 PowerConsumptionScaling......................................... 61
3.6.1 BandwidthDependence.................................... 62
3.6.2 NumberofAntennas ....................................... 63
3.6.3 DataRate(ConstellationSize)............................. 63
3.7 EnergyEfficiencyofDigitalCompensationTechniques........... 64
3.8 SummaryoftheKeyPoints.......................................... 66
References.................................................................... 66
PartII DigitalCompensationTechniques
4 PowerAmplifiers ........................................................... 73
4.1 PowerAmplifiersandMulticarrierSignals ......................... 73
4.1.1 OperationPoint:PowerConsumptionvsDistortion
Trade-Off.................................................... 74
4.2 LinearizationTechniques ............................................ 76
4.3 FiguresofMerit:In-BandandOut-of-BandDistortion ............ 78
4.4 DigitalPredistortionTechniques .................................... 79
4.4.1 Baseband Predistortion Techniques:
ImplementationIssues...................................... 81
4.5 Receiver-SideCompensationTechniques........................... 83
4.5.1 Decision-AidedReconstructionofClippedSignals ...... 83
4.5.2 PowerAmplifierNonlinearityCancellation(PANC)..... 84
4.6 ACaseofStudy:LinearizationofClassABandEnvelope
TrackingPAs ......................................................... 89
4.6.1 PartitionedPredistorter..................................... 89
4.6.2 PartitionsAllocations....................................... 92
Contents xi
4.6.3 NumericalEvaluation ...................................... 96
4.7 SummaryoftheKeyPoints.......................................... 100
References.................................................................... 100
5 ADCinBroadbandCommunications.................................... 105
5.1 ADCArchitectures................................................... 105
5.1.1 Flash:HighConversionSpeed,LowResolution.......... 106
5.1.2 SAR:HighResolution,LowConversionSpeed .......... 107
5.1.3 Sigma-Delta: Higher Resolution with Low
Quantization,Oversampling,andNoiseShaping......... 107
5.1.4 CombinedStructures ....................................... 108
5.2 Traditional(Narrowband)CompensationTechniques.............. 109
5.2.1 IntegralNonlinearityandDifferentialNonlinearity
Models ...................................................... 110
5.2.2 Look-UpTables............................................. 111
5.2.3 Dithering.................................................... 112
5.3 NovelCompensationTechniquesAmenableforWideband
Sampling.............................................................. 113
5.3.1 ModelInversion:NonlinearDynamicModels............ 114
5.3.2 WidebandCompensationofHigh-PerformanceADCs... 122
5.3.3 MismatchErrorsinTIADCs............................... 126
5.4 Additional Considerations: Training Signals
forMeasurement-BasedPost-compensation........................ 132
5.5 SummaryofKeyPoints.............................................. 136
References.................................................................... 136
6 FrequencyOffsetandPhaseNoise........................................ 141
6.1 EffectsoftheCFOandPhaseNoiseintheSystemPerformance.. 141
6.1.1 CriticalApplications:HighFrequencyOscillators
andHigh-SpeedVehicles................................... 142
6.1.2 EffectsofCarrierFrequencyOffsetandPhase
NoiseinOFDM............................................. 144
6.2 EstimationTechniquesfortheDownlink(SingleUserCase)...... 146
6.3 EstimationandCompensationTechniquesfortheUplink
(MultiuserCase)...................................................... 151
6.3.1 CFOCompensationforOFDMA.......................... 153
6.3.2 CFOCompensationforMultiuserFBMC................. 156
6.4 SummaryoftheKeyPoints.......................................... 162
References.................................................................... 163
PartIII RFImperfectioninNovelTechnologies
7 Full-DuplexCommunicationSystems.................................... 169
7.1 SystemModel ........................................................ 169
7.1.1 Full-DuplexTransceivers................................... 170
7.1.2 Full-DuplexRelays......................................... 171
