Signal Processing of Airborne Radar Stations: Plane Flight Control in Difficult Meteoconditions

227 Pages·2020·7.998 MB·English

by  Vereshchagin A.V.,  Zatuchny D.A.,  Sinitsyn V.A.,  Sinitsyn E.A.,  Shatrakov Y.G.

Springer Aerospace Technology
Vereshchagin A. V. · Zatuchny D. A. ·
Sinitsyn V. A. · Sinitsyn E. A. ·
Shatrakov Y. G.
Signal Processing
of Airborne
Radar Stations
Plane Flight Control
in Difficult Meteoconditions
Springer Aerospace Technology
The Springer Aerospace Technology series isdevoted tothe technology of aircraft
and spacecraft including design, construction, control and the science. The books
present the fundamentals and applications in all fields related to aerospace
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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8613
Vereshchagin A. V. Zatuchny D. A.
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Sinitsyn V. A. Sinitsyn E. A.
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Shatrakov Y. G.
Signal Processing
of Airborne Radar Stations
fi
Plane Flight Control in Dif cult
Meteoconditions
123
Vereshchagin A.V. Zatuchny D.A.
St.Petersburg, Russia Moscow,Russia
Sinitsyn V.A. Sinitsyn E.A.
St.Petersburg, Russia St.Petersburg, Russia
Shatrakov Y.G.
St.Petersburg, Russia
ISSN 1869-1730 ISSN 1869-1749 (electronic)
SpringerAerospace Technology
ISBN978-981-13-9987-9 ISBN978-981-13-9988-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9988-6
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Contents
1 The Detection and Assessment of Meteorological Object
Parameters by Airborne RS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Flight of Air Vehicles in Wind and Atmospheric Turbulence . . . . 1
1.1.1 The Spatial Wind Field in the Earth’s Boundary Layer . . . 1
1.1.2 Wind Shear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.3 Atmospheric Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 The Detection of Wind Shears, Dangerous for Flights
and Zones of Intensive Turbulence with the Use
of Airborne RS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 The Requirements to Airborne RS at the Detection of Zones
of Dangerous Wind Shears and Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3.1 The Requirements to a Zone, Method and Period
of RS Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3.2 The Requirements to the RS Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.3.3 The Requirements to the RS Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.3.4 The Requirements to Parameters of the RS Probing
Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.3.5 The Requirements to the Pattern of the RS AS . . . . . . . . . 22
1.3.6 The Requirements to the RS Energy Potential. . . . . . . . . . 23
1.3.7 The Requirements to the Dynamic Range
of the RS Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.4 Condition of Developments of the Domestic and Foreign
RS Providing the Assessment of Zones of Dangerous MO . . . . . . 24
1.4.1 The Analysis of the Condition of Researches on
Determination of the MO Parameters by Land RS. . . . . . . 24
1.4.2 The Analysis of the Condition of Domestic and Foreign
Developments of Airborne RS Regarding Detection
and Danger Assessment of MO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
v
vi Contents
1.5 Improvement of Methods of Processing of MO Signals
in Airborne RS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2 The Mathematical Model of Detection of Meteorological Objects
by Airborne RS and the Assessment of Danger for Air Vehicles
Flights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.1 The Structure of the Mathematical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.2 The Model of a Meteorological Object in the Conditions
of Wind Shear and Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.2.1 The Parameters of a Meteorological Object Affecting
the Efficiency of Radar Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.2.2 The Model of a Meteorological Object in the Presence
of Wind Shear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.2.3 The Model of a Meteorological Object in the Conditions
of Intensive Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.3 The Mathematical Model of Movement of the Carrier
of Airborne RS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.4 The Mathematical Model of a MO Radio Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.4.1 The Structure of the Radio Signal Reflected by MO . . . . . 51
2.4.2 The Power Characteristics of the Radio Signal Reflected
by MO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.4.3 TheSpectralCharacteristicsoftheRadioSignalReflected
by MO in the Conditions of Wind Shear and Turbulence
of the Atmosphere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.4.4 InfluenceoftheCarrierMovementonSpectralandPower
Characteristics of the R Signals Reflected by
Meteoobjects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.4.5 The Use of Parametric Models for the Description
of the Signal Reflected by MO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
2.5 The Mathematical Model of a Path of Processing of Signals
of an Airborne RS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3 The Methods and Algorithms of Processing of Signals Improving
Observability and Accuracy of the Assessment of Parameters
of Meteorological Objects of Airborne Radar Stations . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.1 The Methods and Algorithms of Processing of Signals
of Airborne Meteo RS for the Assessment of Frequency
and Width of a MO Doppler Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.1.1 NonparametricMethodsoftheAssessmentofParameters
of a Doppler Spectrum of the Signal Reflected by MO . . . 98
3.1.2 Parametric Methods of the Assessment of Moments of a
Doppler Spectrum of the Signal Reflected by MO. . . . . . . 105
Contents vii
3.1.3 The Comparative Analysis of the Methods of Estimation
of Parameters of a Doppler Spectrum of the Signal
Reflected by MO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
3.2 The Algorithm of Compensation of the Movement of the RS
Carrier Increasing the Accuracy of Assessment of the Degree
of Meteoobjects Danger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
3.2.1 The Algorithm of Compensation of the Movement
of the RS Carrier with External Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
3.2.2 The Algorithm of Compensation of the Movement
of the RS Carrier with Internal Coherence. . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
3.2.3 The Algorithm of “Quasimotionless RS”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
3.2.4 The Analysis of Efficiency of the Algorithms
of Compensation of the Movement of the Carrier
of Coherent RS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
3.2.5 The Analysis of Influence of Trajectory Irregularities
and Elastic Mode of a Structure of the RS Carrier
on Efficiency of Compensation of Its Movement . . . . . . . . 164
3.3 The Algorithms of Assessment of Spatial Win Speed Fields
and the Degree of Danger of the Found MO by the Results
of Measurements of Parameters of a Doppler Spectrum
of the Reflected Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
3.3.1 The Algorithm of Assessment of the Danger Degree
of Wind Shear Zones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
3.3.2 The Algorithm of the Assessment of the Three-
Dimensional Field of Average Wind Speed. . . . . . . . . . . . 172
3.3.3 The Algorithm of the Assessment Danger of Zones
of the Increased Atmospheric Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Annex 1.. .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 189
Annex 2.. .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 191
Annex 3.. .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 197
Annex 4.. .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 207
Annex 5.. .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 211
Bibliography .. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 215
References.... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 217
Abbreviations
AA Airborne avionics
AC Amplitude characteristic
ACF Autocorrelation function
ACM Autocorrelation matrix
ADC Analog to digital converter
AE Antenna element
AFC Automatic-frequency control
AFCh Amplitude-frequency characteristic
ALC Automatic level control
APC Antenna system phase centre
APD Amplitude-phase distribution
AR Autoregression
ARMA Autoregression and moving average
AS Antenna system
ASC Antenna system of coordinates
ASp Air space
ATC Air traffic control
AV Air vehicle
AvC Aviation complex
BCS Bound coordinate system
CM Centre of mass
CO Coherent oscillator
computer Computer
DP Directional path
DS-P Digital signal processing
DSP Digital signal processor
EER Effective echoing ratio
EMS Elastic mode of a structure
EMW Electro-magnetic wave
FFT Fast Fourier transformation
ix
x Abbreviations
FOS Flight operation safety
FPGA Field-programmable gate array
HM Hydrometeor
HRF High repetition frequency
ICAO International civil aviation organization (international civil aviation
organization)
IFA Intermediate frequency amplifier
INS Inertia navigation system
LRF Low repetition frequency
LSL Level of side lobes
LSM Least square method
MA Moving average
MD Memory device
ML Maximum likelihood
MO Meteorological object
MRF Medium repetition frequency
MUSIC Multiplesignalclassification(multiplesignalclassificationmethod)
OBC Onboard computer
PAA Phased antenna array
PCCU Phase centre (position) control unit
PCU Phase correction unit
PFC Phase-frequency characteristic
PrS Probing signal
PS Phase shifter
PSD Power spectral density
PSP Programmable signal processor
R Radar
RAM Random access memory
RMS Root mean square
RMSE Root mean square error
ROM Read-only memory
RP Random process
RR Radar reflectivity
RS Radar station
SINR Signal–interference–noise ratio
SMT Selection of moving targets
SNR Signal–noise ratio
software Software
specification Specification
TI Trajectory irregularities
UHF Ultra-high frequency
US Underlying surface
WS Wind shear
WSAA Waveguide slot array antenna