Siberia: A History of the People

323 Pages·2014·10.912 MB·English

by  Janet M. Hartley

S I B E R I A
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SI B E R I A
A HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE
J A N ET M . H A RT L E Y
YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS
NEW HAVEN AND LONDON
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Copyright © 2014 Janet M. Hartley
All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part, in any form (beyond
that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by
reviewers for the public press) without written permission from the publishers.
For information about this and other Yale University Press publications, please contact:
U.S. Office: [email protected] www.yalebooks.com
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Typeset in Arno Pro by IDSUK (DataConnection) Ltd
Printed in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall.
Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data
Hartley, Janet M.
Siberia:a history of the people/Janet M. Hartley.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-300-16794-8 (hardback)
1. Siberia (Russia)—History. 2. Siberia (Russia)—Social life and customs. 3. Siberia
(Russia)—Social conditions. 4. Siberia (Russia)—Biography. I. Title.
DK761.H37 2014
957—dc23
2014007175
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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For my mother, Lilian Hartley
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Contents
List of Illustrations and Maps viii
Editorial Note x
Time Line: Rulers and Leaders xi
Introduction xii
1 Cossacks and Conquest 1
2 Land, Indigenous Peoples and Communications 17
3 Traders and Tribute- Takers 28
4 Early Settlers: The Free and the Unfree 42
5 Life in a Siberian Village 55
6 Life in a Siberian Town 70
7 Life in a Remote Siberian Garrison 88
8 Governing and the Governed 100
9 Exiles and Convicts 115
10 Religion and Popular Beliefs 131
11 Explorers and Imperialists 147
12 Railways and Change 163
13 Wars and Revolutions 183
14 Collectivisation and the Camps 201
15 The New Soviet Citizen 218
16 The New Siberia 238
Notes 252
Bibliography 267
Index 280
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Illustrations and Maps
1. ‘Ermak’s conquest of Siberia’ by Vasilii Surikov, 1895. State Russian Museum,
St Petersburg.
2. Siberian fur trader in negotiations, sign of the furrier Nicolaus Remshardt,
Göppingen, c.1800.
3. Akinfii Demidov’s factory and fort of Barnaul, 1747. Universiteit Leiden
(TsKhAF AK, fr. 1658, op. 1- n, d. 1).
4. ‘Een schaman ofte Duyvel- priester in’t Tungoesen lant’, engraving from
Witsen’s Noord en Oost Tartarye, 1785.
5. ‘The Cossacks of Eniseisk province collecting tribute’, watercolour by an
unknown artist, nineteenth century. Krasnoiarsk Regional Museum.
6. Tobolsk, engraving by Sargent after Durand Brager, from Élisée Reclus,
The New Universal Geography, vol. 6, Asiatic Russia, c.187– ?.
7. Governor- General’s Residence, Irkutsk, 1814–21. Library of Congress
(LC- B05- 00521).
8. Aleksander Sochaczewski, ‘Farewell Europe!’, 1894. Tradytor.
9. Tomsk University, 1880s. Library of Congress (LC- B05- 00448).
10. Jewish house and store, Nerchinsk, late nineteenth century. Library of
Congress (LC- B05- 00881).
11. Buriats from Selenga, eastern Siberia, nineteenth century. Novosibirsk
State Museum of Regional History and Folk Life. Library of Congress
(mtfxph eet0005).
12. Mikhail Stepanovich Znamensky, scene of the Khanty people, c.1880.
William Reece Company.
13. Station buffet on the Trans- Siberian railway, The Graphic, 3 June 1905.
14. Mural on the ceiling of Vladivostok Station depicting St Basil’s Cathedral,
2005. Bernd Rohrmann.
15. Main shopping street and bank of commerce, Omsk, 1904. Library of
Congress (LC- B05-00335).
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ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS ix
16. A convoy of exiles in Siberia, postcard, c.1905. Visual Documents,
International Institute of Social History (Amsterdam).
17. International Workers’ Day demonstration, Vladivostok, 1 May 1917. Boris
I. Mukhachev Collection, Vladivostok, Russia.
18. Landing of the Japanese at Vladivostok, August 1918. Postcard;
www.vl150.ru.
19. Czech Legion, 1917. U.S. Signal Corps, National Archives.
20. Khrushchev apartment block, Tomsk.
21. Changes to a street sign, Krasnoiarsk. Author’s photograph.
22. Norilsk, 2010.
23. Kolchak Irish pub, Omsk, 2009. Author’s photograph.
24. A tug boat frozen into the harbour at Tiksi during the winter, Northern
Iakutia. © Bryan & Cherry Alexander Photography/ArcticPhoto.
25. Fishing on the ice in Vladivostok, 2001. Getty Images.
26. Iakut and Russian schoolchildren. Library of Congress (LC- B05-01068).
Maps
page
Russian expansion across Siberia. 10
Ethnic groups in Siberia. 21
Trade routes in western Siberia. 30
Route of Avvakum’s exile. 51
The economic development of Siberia, 1700–1850. 72
Administrative and ethnic divisions, 1822. 110
Russian America. 154
The Trans- Siberian railway and BAM. 165
The retreat of Kolchak’s army, 1920. 194
The gulag at its zenith, 1939–53. 210
Present-day administrative divisions of Siberia. 248
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