Short-Range Wireless Communications: Fundamentals of RF System Design and Application

383 Pages·2003·2.863 MB·English

by  Dan Bensky

Short-range Wireless
Communication
Fundamentals of RF System Design and Application

Short-range Wireless
Communication
Fundamentals of RF System Design and Application
Second Edition
by Alan Bensky
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Contents
Preface to the First Edition ..................................................... xi
Preface to the Second Edition ................................................xiii
What’s on the CD-ROM?......................................................xvii
Using the Worksheets ..............................................................xvii
Worksheet Descriptions............................................................xix
Chapter 1: Introduction ..........................................................1
1.1 Historical Perspective...........................................................1
1.2 Reasons for the Spread of Wireless Applications.................2
1.3 Characteristics of Short-range Radio ...................................3
1.4 Elements of Wireless Communication Systems...................5
1.5 Summary ............................................................................10
Chapter 2: Radio Propagation...............................................11
2.1 Mechanisms of Radio Wave Propagation...........................12
2.2 Open Field Propagation......................................................14
2.3 Diffraction ..........................................................................16
2.4 Scattering............................................................................19
2.5 Path Loss ............................................................................19
2.6 Multipath Phenomena.........................................................21
2.7 Flat Fading..........................................................................23
2.8 Diversity Techniques ..........................................................26
2.9 Noise...................................................................................30
v
Contents
2.10 Summary ..........................................................................33
Appendix 2-A............................................................................35
Maxwell’s Equations ..........................................................35
Chapter 3: Antennas and Transmission Lines ........................39
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................39
3.2 Antenna Characteristics......................................................39
3.3 Types of Antennas ..............................................................46
3.4 Impedance Matching ..........................................................54
3.5 Measuring Techniques........................................................70
3.6 Summary ............................................................................74
Chapter 4: Communication Protocols and Modulation..........75
4.1 Baseband Data Format and Protocol..................................75
4.2 Baseband Coding................................................................86
4.3 RF Frequency and Bandwidth............................................92
4.4 Modulation .........................................................................93
4.5 RFID.................................................................................116
4.6 Summary ..........................................................................117
Chapter 5: Transmitters......................................................119
5.1 RF Source.........................................................................119
5.2 Modulation .......................................................................129
5.3 Amplifiers.........................................................................132
5.4 Filtering ............................................................................133
5.5 Antenna.............................................................................134
5.6 Summary ..........................................................................135
Chapter 6: Receivers ...........................................................137
6.1 Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF).........................................137
6.2 Superregenerative Receiver..............................................139
6.3 Superheterodyne Receiver................................................141
6.4 Direct Conversion Receiver..............................................143
6.5 Digital Receivers ..............................................................145
vi
Contents
6.6 Repeaters ..........................................................................146
6.7 Summary ..........................................................................147
Chapter 7: Radio System Design .........................................149
7.1 Range................................................................................150
7.2 Sensitivity.........................................................................151
7.3 Finding Range from Sensitivity .......................................160
7.4 Superheterodyne Image and Spurious Response..............162
7.5 Intermodulation Distortion and Dynamic Range .............165
7.6 Demodulation...................................................................173
7.7 Internal Receiver Noise ....................................................180
7.8 Transmitter Design ...........................................................181
7.9 Bandwidth.........................................................................182
7.10 Antenna Directivity ........................................................183
7.11 The Power Source...........................................................183
7.12 Summary ........................................................................186
Chapter 8: System Implementation .....................................189
8.1 Wireless Modules .............................................................191
8.2 Systems on a Chip............................................................197
8.3 Large Scale Subsystems ...................................................207
8.4 Summary ..........................................................................209
Chapter 9: Regulations and Standards ................................211
9.1 FCC Regulations ..............................................................213
9.2 Test Method for Part 15....................................................230
9.3 European Radiocommunication Regulations ...................232
9.4 The European Union Electromagnetic Compatibility
Requirements...................................................................238
9.5 Standards in the United Kingdom....................................243
9.6 Japanese Low Power Standards........................................243
9.7 Non-Governmental Standards ..........................................246
Appendix 9-A..........................................................................249
Terms and Definitions (FCC Part 2) ................................249
vii
Contents
Appendix 9-B ..........................................................................254
Nomenclature for Defining Emission, Modulation and
Transmission (FCC Part 2)...............................................254
Necessary Bandwidth........................................................254
Class of Emission..............................................................255
Appendix 9-C ..........................................................................257
Restricted Frequencies and Field Strength Limits from
Section 15.205 of FCC Rules and Regulations.................257
Chapter 10: Introduction to Information Theory.................259
10.1 Probability ......................................................................260
10.2 Information Theory ........................................................270
10.3 Summary ........................................................................285
Chapter 11: Applications and Technologies.........................287
11.1 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) .......................288
11.2 Bluetooth ........................................................................313
11.3 Zigbee.............................................................................323
11.4 Conflict and Compatibility.............................................331
11.5 Ultra-wideband Technology...........................................337
11.6 Summary ........................................................................343
Abbreviations.......................................................................345
References and Bibliography ................................................347
Index....................................................................................353
viii
Dedication
To my wife Nuki,
and to daughters Chani, Racheli, and Ortal
ix