Short-Duration Chickpea Technology: Enabling Legumes Revolution in Andhra Pradesh, India

202 Pages·2015·5.13 MB·English

Research Report No. 23
ICRISAT Research Program
Markets, Institutions and Policies
Short-Duration Chickpea
Enabling Legumes
Technology:
Revolution in Andhra Pradesh, India
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Cita(cid:2) on: Ban(cid:2) lan C, Kumara Charyulu D, Gaur PM, Shyam MD and Jeff D. 2014. Short-Dura(cid:2) on
Chickpea Technology: Enabling Legumes Revolu(cid:2) on in Andhra Pradesh, India. 2014. Research Report
no. 23. Patancheru 502 324. Telangana, India: Interna(cid:2) onal Crops Research Ins(cid:2) tute for the Semi-Arid
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Acknowledgements
Many individuals and organiza(cid:2) ons have helped us immensely during the comple(cid:2) on of this study.
Acknowledging each and every one of them would be impossible but we would be amiss if we don’t
men(cid:2) on few individuals and organiza(cid:2) ons without whose support and help it would have been diffi cult
for us to complete this study. First, we sincerely express our thanks to Dr William Dar for his mo(cid:2) va(cid:2) on
for implemen(cid:2) ng this impact study and to Dr CLL Gowda for his support in the ini(cid:2) al planning with his
sugges(cid:2) ons and feedback. Special thanks to Dr A Satyanarayana, BV Rao, Dr V Jayalaksmi, Dr Y Sa(cid:2) sh,
and Dr K Suhasini for their encouragement and cri(cid:2) cal support during the reconnaissance phase in
Kurnool, Prakasam and other chickpea growing districts of Andhra Pradesh. We sincerely recognize the
help rendered by A Rajalaxmi, Scien(cid:2) fi c Offi cer, in providing the cri(cid:2) cal inputs for building-up the report,
to Y Mohan Rao for supervising the comprehensive fi eld surveys and Md. Irshad Ahmed, GIS Specialist,
for assis(cid:2) ng in developing the GIS maps which aided in delinea(cid:2) ng the research domain boundaries; and
especially the Agricultural Offi cers from Department of Agriculture, AP for their assistance during the
fi eld surveys. The authors are also grateful to D Rakesh, P Vamshikiran, K Edukondalu and M Ram Kumar
for their assistance in collec(cid:2) ng quality data for the comprehensive adop(cid:2) on survey covering more than
a thousand sample respondents in Andhra Pradesh. Our special thanks to Douglas Gollin who listened
intently to our plans during our mee(cid:2) ng in Bhubhaneshwar and for recommending Tavneet Suri
(a specialist on sampling) to ensure a good sampling frame; and to Tim Kelley for his advice and
facilita(cid:2) on of our study in coordina(cid:2) on with SPIA. Last but not least, we owe all the respondent farmers
for their coopera(cid:2) on during the surveys, their warm hospitality and most of all for sparing their valuable
(cid:2) me which enabled us to deepen our understanding of the adop(cid:2) on and impact processes underpinning
the chickpea revolu(cid:2) on in Andhra Pradesh.
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Short-Duration Chickpea Technology:
Enabling Legumes Revolution in
Andhra Pradesh, India
by
Cynthia Bantilan, Deevi Kumara Charyulu, Pooran Gaur,
Davala Moses Shyam and Jeff Davis
This work is funded by
2014

List of Acronyms
ACIAR Australian Centre for Interna(cid:2) onal Agricultural Research
ANA Anantapur district
ANGRAU Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University
AP Andhra Pradesh state
APSSDC Andhra Pradesh State Seed Development Corpora(cid:2) on
AY Actual Yields
BC Back-ward castes
BCR Benefi t-cost-ra(cid:2) o
CGIAR Consulta(cid:2) ve Group on Interna(cid:2) onal Agricultural Research
COC Cost of Cul(cid:2) va(cid:2) on
COP Cost of produc(cid:2) on
CP Chickpea
CVRC Central Varietal Release Commi(cid:3) ee
DIIVA Diff usion and Impact of Improved Varie(cid:2) es in Africa
ED Elas(cid:2) city of Demand
ES Elas(cid:2) city of Supply
FC Fixed cost
FF Fellow Farmer
FGDs Focus-Group Discussions
FGMs Focus Group Mee(cid:2) ngs
GE Government Extension Agency
GIS Geographical Informa(cid:2) on system
GOI Government of India
HH Household
HYV High Yielding Variety
IAS Impact Assessment Study
IBPGR Interna(cid:2) onal Bureau of Plant Gene(cid:2) c Resources
ICAR Indian Council of Agriculture Research
ICARDA Interna(cid:2) onal Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
ICRISAT Interna(cid:2) onal Crops Research Ins(cid:2) tute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
IRR Internal Rate of Return
KA Karnataka state
KAD Kadapa district
KUR Kurnool district
LGP Length of growing period
LS Local Seed Traders
MAHA Mahabubnagar district
MC Marginal Cost
MED Medak district
MH Maharashtra state
MIT Massachuse(cid:3) s Ins(cid:2) tute of Technology
NA Non-Adopters
NARS Na(cid:2) onal Agricultural Research System
NIZ Nizamabad district
NPV Net Present Value
NRM Natural Resources Management
NSC Na(cid:2) onal Seeds Corpora(cid:2) on
NY Normal Yield
PDS Public Distribu(cid:2) on System
PE Produc(cid:2) on Environment
PRM Prakasam district
Qtl Quintal
SAT Semi-Arid Tropics
SC Scheduled Castes
SD Short Dura(cid:2) on
SFCI State Farm Corpora(cid:2) on of India Ltd
SPIA Standing Panel on Impact Assessment
SSEA South and South East Asia
ST Scheduled Tribes
SW Switchers
ATC Average Total Cost
TC Total Cost
TL Tropical Legumes
TRIVSA Tracking Improved Varie(cid:2) es in South Asia
UCR Unit cost reduc(cid:2) on
UC Unit Cost
VC Variable cost
VLS Village Level Studies
Conversions used
$ US = Rs.55
Qtl = 100 kg
M ton = 1000 kg
Acre = 0.404 ha
1. Introduction
This study presents the success story of the adop(cid:2) on and diff usion of improved chickpea short-
dura(cid:2) on varie(cid:2) es in southern India. The experience in the state of Andhra Pradesh par(cid:2) cularly
exemplifi es evidences that adop(cid:2) on of technologies signifi cantly enhanced agricultural produc(cid:2) vity
and total welfare gains in both tradi(cid:2) onal and non-tradi(cid:2) onal chickpea growing regions. As part of a
global ini(cid:2) a(cid:2) ve to assess the impacts of legumes research in the CGIAR, this study supported by the
Standing Panel on Impact Assessment (SPIA) contributes to genera(cid:2) ng more reliable informa(cid:2) on on
key aspects of adop(cid:2) on and diff usion as well as gaining be(cid:3) er insights and deeper understanding of
the impacts of varietal change.
This study conducted a comprehensive adop(cid:2) on survey to generate reliable data on adop(cid:2) on and
be(cid:3) er understand the diff usion process as well as quan(cid:2) fy the direct impacts on produc(cid:2) vity, unit
cost reduc(cid:2) on and welfare gains from chickpea research. The focus is to measure the economic
impact of improved short-dura(cid:2) on chickpea varie(cid:2) es, and at the same (cid:2) me gain a deeper
understanding of the underlying adop(cid:2) on and diff usion process.
Study rationale
The last fi ve decades saw chickpea produc(cid:2) on undergoing tremendous change in terms of area
shi(cid:5) from northern India (cooler, long-season environments) to southern India (warmer, short-
season environments), par(cid:2) cularly beginning in the period of 1975-1990 with the expansion of the
wheat and rice industry. New chickpea varie(cid:2) es adapted to warmer, short-season environments
are bringing increasing prosperity to southern India and off ering hope for farmers elsewhere in the
semi-arid tropics (SAT). To appreciate the chickpea revolu(cid:2) on in southern India, we need to review
the chickpea evolu(cid:2) on in the country during the last four decades.
Northern India, with its long winters, has suitable climate for chickpea cul(cid:2) va(cid:2) on. However, the
expansion of irriga(cid:2) on in the Indo-Gange(cid:2) c Plains, the development of high yielding varie(cid:2) es (HYV)
of wheat and rice during the green revolu(cid:2) on period, and the accompanying high input agriculture
gradually displaced chickpea to marginal rainfed areas and led to chickpea cul(cid:2) va(cid:2) on being largely
replaced by wheat and other cash crops.
Now large areas of chickpea crop in the semi-arid tropics most o(cid:5) en experience short winters,
terminal moisture stress and heat stress, wilt disease and pod borer problems at the reproduc(cid:2) ve
stages, par(cid:2) cularly in southern states of India. During the 1964-65 cropping season, chickpea was
planted on 5.14 million hectares in northern India; it is now planted on only 0.73 million hectares
(2010-11). During the same period in southern India, the cropped area has gone up signifi cantly
from 2.05 m ha to 5.56 m ha. This tremendous shi(cid:5) in cropped area happened due to the
introduc(cid:2) on of high yielding short-dura(cid:2) on chickpea varie(cid:2) es which are resistant to Fusarium wilt
disease (Figure 1.1). Overall, the total chickpea area in the country has gone up marginally from 7.5
to 7.6 m ha between 1971-75 and 2006-10.
In the above context, it is compelling to systema(cid:2) cally document the adop(cid:2) on, diff usion and impact
of improved chickpea technologies in southern India. This specifi c success story is posi(cid:2) ve evidence
that adop(cid:2) on of technologies can enhance produc(cid:2) on of chickpea in other regions of South Asia
and sub-Saharan Africa, where currently yield levels remain low. A comprehensive quan(cid:2) fi ca(cid:2) on of
1
)
a
h
n
o
milli
(
a
e
r
A
Figure 1.1. Shi(cid:2) s in chickpea area from North to South and Central India.
the research benefi ts at farm level is (cid:2) mely, par(cid:2) cularly in Andhra Pradesh as the outcome of the
analysis will showcase the impact of chickpea improved technology in India. The chickpea revolu(cid:2) on
in Andhra Pradesh would be a suitable case to unravel many inter-linked issues in technology
adop(cid:2) on and agricultural intensifi ca(cid:2) on. Some relevant issues that can be further inves(cid:2) gated using
this data and analysis are socio-economic, ins(cid:2) tu(cid:2) onal and policy drivers for technology adop(cid:2) on,
farm-level responses (input use, land alloca(cid:2) on, soil and water conserva(cid:2) on, crop and natural
resource management (NRM) technologies, mechaniza(cid:2) on etc), household welfare and sustainable
intensifi ca(cid:2) on of SAT agriculture.
Objectives of the study
The overall objec(cid:2) ve is to document the ‘silent chickpea revolu(cid:2) on in Andhra Pradesh.’ Specifi cally,
it aims to address the following three major objec(cid:2) ves:
1. Develop and apply new advances in methodology for assessing adop(cid:2) on and impacts of
improved agricultural technologies;
2. Track the adop(cid:2) on of chickpea high yielding short-dura(cid:2) on improved cul(cid:2) vars in AP;
3. Assess the farm-level benefi ts of adop(cid:2) on of chickpea improved technologies; and es(cid:2) mate the
welfare impacts for the state of Andhra Pradesh and India.
Scope of the study
This comprehensive impact assessment study (IAS) has a detailed adop(cid:2) on analysis and on-farm
survey to fully understand the various dimensions of impacts and generate the best possible data. The
study has been designed to understand and measure the adop(cid:2) on, diff usion and impact of chickpea
short-dura(cid:2) on improved cul(cid:2) vars in the state of Andhra Pradesh through a representa(cid:2) ve primary
survey and suitable decision tree protocol. Quan(cid:2) fi ca(cid:2) on of farm-level welfare benefi ts experienced
by chickpea growing farmers is determined by examining various scenarios of technology adop(cid:2) on:
namely, a) replacement of old improved cul(cid:2) vars (Annigeri) with adop(cid:2) on of new improved cul(cid:2) vars
2
(such as JG 11, KAK 2 and Vihar among others); as well as b) switching over by non-chickpea growing
farmers (eg, farmers tradi(cid:2) onally growing other crops such as co(cid:3) on, tobacco, sorghum, groundnut,
chillies and others) to new improved short-dura(cid:2) on chickpea cul(cid:2) vars. Overall, the study aims to
understand the substan(cid:2) al preferences for chickpea cul(cid:2) va(cid:2) on over other crops in this state, the
pa(cid:3) ern of chickpea varietal adop(cid:2) on and replacement, produc(cid:2) vity gains at farm-level, unit-cost
reduc(cid:2) ons and its impact on welfare. The infl uence of socio-economic, ins(cid:2) tu(cid:2) onal and policy
variables on the extent of adop(cid:2) on will also be studied. Further, the behavioural changes in own land
alloca(cid:2) on, leasing-in land, soil and water management, input-use applica(cid:2) on and mechaniza(cid:2) on etc.
will be documented in rela(cid:2) on to technology adop(cid:2) on.
Plan of the study
This report is organized in 8 chapters. The fi rst two chapters introduce and give a background of
the industry and research context of the study. It discusses the importance of chickpea in the world
and in India and its historic trends using a temporal analysis covering more than four decades
of data on chickpea area, produc(cid:2) on and produc(cid:2) vity. Chapter 3 introduces the global chickpea
research domains used in targe(cid:2) ng chickpea research. This is complemented by the spa(cid:2) al analysis
of bio-physical data – soil, rainfall and length of growing period regimes – which may be infl uencing
chickpea produc(cid:2) vity and the diff usion of chickpea short-dura(cid:2) on cul(cid:2) vars across various agro-
ecologies. It also systema(cid:2) cally documents the research and development process and research
(cid:2) meline with specifi c focus on chickpea short-dura(cid:2) on cul(cid:2) vars. Corresponding research and
development costs from research started in 1978 up to the release and dissemina(cid:2) on of the new
short-dura(cid:2) on cul(cid:2) vars in southern India are systema(cid:2) cally documented. Chapter 4 elucidates the
methodology for es(cid:2) ma(cid:2) ng the welfare benefi ts and the conceptual framework underlying it. This
gives the theore(cid:2) cal basis of the welfare es(cid:2) mates which encompass a mul(cid:2) -country perspec(cid:2) ve
and captures the direct benefi ts from technology adop(cid:2) on in targeted regions as well as the
spillover research benefi ts globally. The tools and methods used to be(cid:3) er understand and document
technology adop(cid:2) on are discussed in the following chapter to fully understand the impacts including
a number of specifi c testable hypotheses linking the introduc(cid:2) on of the new early maturing varie(cid:2) es
in southern India to insigh(cid:6) ul dimensions of impact. This component of the study illustrates some
innova(cid:2) ve approaches for ge(cid:7) ng best possible data for the impact assessment study. Chapter 5
describes the survey details including the sampling framework for the comprehensive study. The
process of development of varietal iden(cid:2) fi ca(cid:2) on protocols and survey instruments are discussed.
The results of the adop(cid:2) on study are presented in Chapter 6. The primary survey results are
fi rst featured to refl ect the socio-economic profi le of chickpea tradi(cid:2) onal and non-tradi(cid:2) onal
growers in Andhra Pradesh. Deeper insights on the adop(cid:2) on and diff usion process are achieved
by disaggrega(cid:2) ng the data further to analyze the diverse diff usion pa(cid:3) erns across cul(cid:2) vars and
across districts and more cri(cid:2) cally to incorporate in the impact analysis the welfare gains and losses
of adopters and non-adopters and analyze the benefi ts of various types of adopters. Chapter 7
presents the summary of the key parameter es(cid:2) mates drawn from Chapter 6 and other sources of
the minimum data set for assessing welfare gains. In par(cid:2) cular, the summary list draws from the fi eld
insights on costs and returns in crops cul(cid:2) va(cid:2) on and unit-cost reduc(cid:2) ons due to adop(cid:2) on of new
technology. The es(cid:2) mated welfare benefi ts are quan(cid:2) fi ed and presented for Andhra Pradesh and
India. Finally, Chapter 8 presents the summary and conclusions about the study.
3
2. Background to Research
Chickpea industry context
Chickpea (Cicer arie(cid:3) num L.) is the largest pulse crop grown in India and the second largest food
legume in the world. It occupies around 15% of total pulse area globally and is cul(cid:2) vated in almost
52 countries (FAOSTAT 2012). South and South East Asia (SSEA) together contribute about 88 and
86% shares in global area and produc(cid:2) on respec(cid:2) vely (Table 2.1). Chickpea, like other pulse crops
tradi(cid:2) onally grown in many parts of the world, has mul(cid:2) ple func(cid:2) ons in the tradi(cid:2) onal farming
systems especially in many developing countries. As well as being an important source of human
food and animal feed, it also helps in the management of soil fer(cid:2) lity, par(cid:2) cularly in drylands
(Sharma and Jodha 1984).
India ranks fi rst in terms of chickpea produc(cid:2) on and consump(cid:2) on in the world (both at almost
70%). Currently, chickpea covers 35% of total pulse area and cons(cid:2) tutes nearly 47% of total pulse
produc(cid:2) on in India (GOI 2012). The long term macro trends (1980-2010) in India indicate that the
cropped area has slightly increased and registered a growth rate of 0.25% (Figure 2.1). But, the
produc(cid:2) on and produc(cid:2) vity have increased signifi cantly with exhibited annual growth rates of 1.3
and 1.04% respec(cid:2) vely during the same period (Table 2.2).
Table 2.1. Chickpea regional distribu(cid:2) on, 2012.
No. of Area Produc(cid:2) on Produc(cid:2) vity
Region countries (m ha) % share (m ton) % share (kg/ha)
World 52 11.98 100.00 10.92 100.00 911.20
Asia 16 10.65 88.92 9.36 85.76 878.82
Africa 14 0.53 4.44 0.52 4.73 970.98
Australia 1 0.50 4.17 0.60 5.51 1204.00
N America 7 0.24 1.97 0.36 3.29 1523.28
Europe 14 0.06 0.51 0.08 0.71 1280.70
Source: FAOSTAT 2012
Table 2.2. All-India chickpea area, produc(cid:2) on and yield growth rates (%).
Period Total area Total produc(cid:2) on Yield
1980-1985 1.23 3.76 2.53
1986-1990 2.67 4.99 2.24
1991-1995 6.65 7.85 1.13
1996-2000 -7.33 -8.73 -1.49
2001-2005 2.84 3.06 0.20
2006-2010 3.60 8.25 4.29
1980- 2010 0.25 1.30 1.04
Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Coopera(cid:2) on 2012
4