Table Of ContentShort-Distance Phenomena
in Nuclear Physics
NATO Advanced Science Institutes Series
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Volume 104-Short-Distance Phenomena in Nuclear Physics
edited by David H. Boal and Richard M. Woloshyn
Short-Distance Phenomena
in Nuclear Physics
Edited by
David H. Baal
Simon Fraser University
Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
and
Richard M. Woloshyn
TRIUMF
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Plenum Press
New York and London
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the Pacific Summer Institute,
held August 23-September 3, 1982,
at Pearson College on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Short-distance phenomena in nuclear physics.
(NATO advanced science institutes series. Series B, Physics; v. 104)
"Proceedings of the Pacific Summer Institute, held August 23-September 3,
1982, at Pearson College on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada."
Organized by the Theoretical Physics Division of the Canadian Association of
Physicists.
"Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division."
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Quarks-Congresses. 2. Gluons-Congresses. 3. Nuclear structure
Congresses. I. Boal, David H.II. Woloshyn, Richard M.III. Canadian Association of
Physicists. Theoretical Physics Division. IV. North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
Scientific Affairs Division. V. Series.
QC793.5.Q2522S48 1983 539.7'21 83-17773
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-4627-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-4625-8
001: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4625-8
© 1983 Plenum Press. New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 18t edition 1983
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
Each summer, the Theoretical Physics Division of the Canadian
Association of Physicists organizes a summer institute of two weeks
duration on a current topic in theoretical physics. This volume
contains the lectures from the Pacific Summer Institute held at
Pearson College on Vancouver Island, B.C. (Canada) from August 23
to September 3, 1982. The Institute was titled "Progress in Nuclear
Dynamics: Short-Distance Behavior in the Nucleus".
The primary source of funds for the Institute came from NATO
through its Advanced Study Institute programme. Significant finan
cial support is also gratefully acknowledged from TRIUMF, Simon
Fraser University, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council
of Canada, and Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd.
The topic of the school was the role of the substructure of
hadrons--quarks and gluons--in nuclear physics. This includes not
only the effects which may be observed in specific nuclear states,
such as form factors at large momentum transfer, or the presence of
hidden color components in the ground states of few nucleon systems,
but also effects which may be observed in the nuclear matter contin
uum: the phase transition from normal nuclear matter to a plasma of
quarks and gluons. The current status of the long distance phenom
enology of the nucleus--the interacting boson approximation and the
role of n's and ~'s in nuclear structure, is also reviewed. Because
it was the intention of the organizers of the Institute to make both
nuclear and particle physicists who are interested in this topic
fluent in each other's language, the lectures begin with a review of
quantum chromodynamics and its implementation in particle physics.
The Institute was organized by a committee whose membership
included, in addition to DHB and RMW, Prof. B. Castel (Queen's
University, Kingston), and Prof. K.S. Viswanathan (Simon Fraser
University). Secretarial help was provided by TRIUMF in the person
of Ms. I. Duelli, who also undertook the arduous task of typing the
proceedings. Topics and speakers for the Institute were suggested
by an International Advisory Committee, whose members were Profs.
S.D. Drell (SLAC), J. Hilfner (Heidelberg), F.C. Khanna (Chalk River),
v
PREFACE
C. Mahaux (Liege), B. Mottelson (NORDITA), G.R. Satchler (Oak Ridge) ,
D. Sprung (McMaster), I. Talmi (Weizmann), and D. Wilkinson (Sussex).
We thank as well the staff at Pearson College, for helping to
make the operation of the Institute as smooth as it was. Lastly,
someone should be thanked for the.weather: two weeks without rain
to enjoy the scenery and marine life of Canada's West Coast.
Vancouver, B.C. David H. Boal, Director
April, 1983 Richard M. Woloshyn, Co-director
CONTENTS
QCD as a Basis for Quark and Nuclear Forces
F.E. Close ...•.•........................•.................. 1
Why Believe in QCD?
C.H. Llewellyn Smith 27
The Successes and Failures of the Constituent
Quark Model
H. J. Lipkin .................•.....•..•..................... 51
Valon Model for Hadrons and their Interactions
R.C. Hwa ..........•..........•............................. 79
Multi-Quark States and Potential Models
M. Harvey 101
Nuclear Chromodynamics: Implications of QCD for
Nuclear Physics
S. J. Brodsky .........................••.................... 141
The Thermodynamics of Strongly Interacting Matter
H. Satz .....•.•.......•.•....•............................. 219
Anoma1ons, Honey and Glue in Nuclear Collisions
M. Gyu1assy ....•.•...••••...••....•..•......•.............. 237
Pions from and about Heavy Ions
J .0. Rasmussen............................................. 275
Nuclear and Particle Physics in the Early Universe
D.N. Schramm............................................... 297
The Interacting Boson Model
I. Talmi ....•...........•............•......•......•..•.... 311
Role of Pions and Isobars in Nuclei
F. C. Khanna and I. S. Towner ..•.................•........... 353
vii
viii CONTENTS
Nuclear Structure, Double Beta Decay and Giant
Resonances
L. Zamick •••••••••.•.•.•.•••••...•.•.•.•.•.....•.......•..• 373
Unity in Diversit~ Summary Talk
F. C. Khanna •••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••• 417
Index 427
QCD AS A BASIS FOR QUARK AND NUCLEAR FORCES
F.E. Close
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
Chilton, Oxon OXll OQX
England
INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL REMARKS ON QUARKS
Quarks are constituents of nucleons, which are in turn the
building blocks of nuclei. Now that high energy physicists believe
that they have a viable theory of quark forces, at least within
nucleons, an obvious question is whether we can exploit the theory
to better understand the nuclear forces.
Progress in this direction will be described elsewhere in these
proceedings. My job is to give you a first introduction to quarks
in nucleons and the ideas behind the quantum chromodynarnic (QCD)
theory of their interactions. As the ultimate aim is to confront
nuclear dynamics I shall begin with a comparison of nuclei and
nucleons and a discussion of length or energy scales in physics.
This will reveal ways in which investigations of nucleons are just
higher energy action replays of nuclear physics experiments, but will
also highlight certain crucial differences. Before getting into
this, I shall briefly review the present knowledge about the basic
building blocks: quarks and leptons.
The original evidence for quark constituents in nucleons and
nuclear matter arose from the discovery of a multitude of nucleon
resonance states and related strongly interacting particles (hadrons)
through the 1950's and 60's. The observation of systematic regular
ities among their properties enabled them to be grouped into families
exhibiting regular patterns (known as the 'Eightfold Way'). This was
analogous to Mendeleev's historic formulation of the Periodic Table
of the atomic Elements. The Periodic Table emerges naturally once
the atoms are recognized to be composites of a few basic varieties of
matter, (electrons and nuclei, supplemented by the Pauli principle:
similarly, the Eightfold way emerges if hadrons are built from quarks).
2 F. E. CLOSE
Originally (1964) three varieties, or "flavors", of quark were
all that were needed to build all hadronic matter. These "up, down
and strange" quarks have electrical charges that are fractions 2/3
or -1/3 of a proton's charge. This distinctive feature should make
isolated quarks eminently noticeable--yet none such has ever been
seen. To understand why quarks appear to be "permanently" confined
is a central unsolved problem in QeD theory of quark forces--and one
which I shall not discuss!
Since 1974 two more flavors of quark have been found--these are
the charmed quark and the bottom quark, again with charges of +2/3
and -1/3 respectively. Thus (u=up, d=down etc.)
(:) (:) (:)
charge +2/3:
charge -1/3:
the "?" representing the suspJ.cJ.on that a sixth quark, the 'top' (t)
with charge = 2/3, exists to complete a third pair. This is rein
forced by the fact that there appear to be six leptons (particles
that do not experience strong nuclear forces and hence are not bound
in nuclei), three charged and three neutral ("neutrinos"):
charge -1:
charge 0:
A tantalizing property of these doublets of quarks and leptons
will be noted later on.
That quarks are genuine physical entities inside nucleons was
verified around 1970 by scattering high energy electrons from proton
and neutron targets. Just as in 1911 the violent collisions between
a-particle beams and atoms had led Rutherford to conclude that atoms
have a compact nuclear core, so did violent deflections of high
energy electrons show that the proton's charge is not diffusely
spread throughout its 1 fermi size but is instead located on three
quarks within. The proton and neutron seem to be essentially
p+l u2/3 u2/3 d-1/3
nO d-1/ 3 d-1/ 3 u2/ 3
In the subsequent decade no phenomenon has been seen inconsistent
with the following dogma:
(1) Isolated quarks (Q) or antiquarks (Q) do not exist.
(2) Quarks cluster in threes (QQQ) or with antiquarks (QQ).
The QQQ systems are known as 'baryons' (e.g. nucleons); QQ are
'mesons' (e.g. pions).
