Sholihah, Arif Budi (2016) The quality of traditional streets

471 Pages·2017·38.1 MB·English

by  Christine Middleton

Department of Architecture and
Built Environment

The Quality of Traditional Streets in Indonesia

Arif Budi Sholihah

(B.Arch, M.Sc in Urban and Regional Planning)

Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

May 2016
ABSTRACT

The Quality of Traditional Streets in Indonesia

In the past few decades, the cities of Indonesia have experienced rapid
development, with the transformation sometimes leading to improvements but
often having a devastating impact on the urban environment. A worrying trend has
been the reduction of the role of urban traditional streets in Indonesia as mixed-use
and vibrant public places to become purely channels of movement, especially for
car-based traffic. For this reason, this research focuses on assessing the quality of
traditional streets in Indonesia and is being conducted before they disappear as a
result of rapid development in urban areas.
The primary aim of the research is to demonstrate the role of traditional
streets in shaping the urban environment and urban public life. In this context, the
research focuses on critically examining the distinctive characteristics of such
streets through street quality indicators that have been developed in urban design
discourses. A qualitative inquiry is chosen as the main research method with
multiple case studies and a research strategy based on research questions, research
knowledge, and expertise. The techniques to gain data were field observations
(walk-by observations, pedestrian counts, and behavioural mapping) and in-depth
interviews. The analysis procedure was a rationale-inductive method and relied on
the data from the field work as the emerging information (data-led analysis).
The research concludes that there are five major characteristics of traditional
streets that play important roles to support urban public life; these are: the physical
and visual quality of the street; traditional street as mixed-use urban space; as
multi-cultural urban space; as a cultural path and public space of the city; and
traditional street activities as intangible culture. The results of the study confirm
the earlier findings that suggest that Asian street are vibrant places with mixed-use
pavements that contribute significantly to the vibrancy of the city. This study adds
to the knowledge of the potential of the traditional street in Indonesia as one of the
primary urban spaces, as public space, as creative space, as cultural space, and as
urban heritage that should be safeguarded and conserved for its outstanding value
not only for its architectural diversity, but also for its intangible cultures.
The research also recognises the important role of traditional streets in
Indonesia to the contemporary city. The recognition of the integral entity of these
streets including their economic, social, and the cultural life of the surrounding
context have led to a better understanding in terms of research and can be part of
the foundation to formulate better policy and design intervention for the future of
Indonesian cities.

Keywords: traditional street, urban quality, urban design, Indonesia

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PUBLICATIONS

Conference Papers
1. Sholihah, A.B., Heath, T., Tang, Y., 2013, “Assessing the Quality of Traditional
Streets: Case of Malioboro Street, Yogyakarta, Indonesia”, in the proceedings
of the 7th Symposium on Asian Heritage: Saving Traditional Streets of
Southeast Asia, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia, 5-7 December 2013
2. Sholihah, A.B., Heath, T., Tang, Y., 2014, “Public Perceptions on Street Image
and Place Attachment of a Traditional Street, The Case of Pecinan Street,
Magelang, Indonesia“ in the proceedings of ASEASUK (Association of
Southeast Asian Studies in the United Kingdom) 14 Conference, University of
Brighton, United Kingdom, 12-14 September 2014
3. Sholihah, A.B., Heath, T., 2016, “Assessing the Quality of A Traditional Street in
Indonesia: The Diversity Indicator” in the proceedings of AMER Intnternational
Conference of Quality of Life, Medan Indonesia, 25-27 February 2016

Journal Paper
1. Sholihah, A.B., Heath, T., 2016, “Assessing the Quality of A Traditional Street in
Indonesia: The Diversity Indicator” in the Procedia Social and Behavioural
Science Journal (fortcoming)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I will take this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to
the following individuals and organisations that have supported and encouraged
me throughout my PhD study.
Professor Timothy Peter Heath, my main supervisor who has been very kind,
supportive, and sincerely gave valuable suggestions throughout my research
supervision processes. My appreciation is also toward Dr. Amy Yue Tang, my
second supervisor who has given me courage and motivation to be more critical in
every step of the research. Dr. Wang Qi my internal examiner for the guidance and
discussions during the annual reviews. Dr. Timothy Townshend my external
examiner, for the willingness to read my thesis.
My ‘research key informants’ for their valuable discussions and contributions to
the development of the research especially during the fieldwork including:

Merry Morfosa, ST, Urban Planning Department, DKI Jakarta
Titin Fatimah, ST, M.Eng, Lecturer of Architecture, Taruma Negara Jakarta
Septina Rachmawati, ST, MSc, Dept of Public Works, Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta
Ibu Sarah, Hotel Antara Pasar Baru Manager
Dr. Wahyu Utami, Kotatoea Community, Magelang
Ir. Rocky, Senior Planning Officer, Magelang City Council
Ir. Marie Ning Murdiyanti, MTP, PT. Ciptaning (Architectural Firm) Magelang
Ir. Ismudiyanto, IAI, Shop Owner Terang Bulan Malioboro, Yogyakarta
Dra Ari Suryani, Malioboro Technical Unit (UPT), Yogyakarta
Punto Wijayanto, ST, MSc, Senthir: The Young Spirit of Yogyakarta Heritage Society
Bapak Bambang, Architect Team, Malioboro Mall and Ibis Hotel, Yogyakarta
Ayu, Jogja Urban Sketchers Coordinator

The users of Pasar Baru Street, Pecinan Street, and Malioboro Street, the
subject of my research, my respondents for their willingness to take part in the
study and for their time for interviews, and for their passions to do activities along
these inspirational traditional streets.
DIKTI Scholarship and Islamic University of Indonesia for the support both the
funding and morale supports.
All my PhD friends, Rozia Haji Adenan, Yamen Badr, Norhayati, Lei, Helen,
Indrayanti Furqoni, Maryati, Shanti Fitriani, and Wahyu Utami for the companion,
sharing, and help during our PhD Journey. I just do not know how this ‘loneliest job’
can get through without all of you.
All the readers of this PhD Thesis and to Knowledge and Wisdom for those
mostly I write this report for.
Finally, my deepest gratitude is toward my little family, Wisnu Setiawan my
husband, and Wasusena Aza Setiawan my son, for your love and caring, thank you
very much indeed.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ii
PUBLICATIONS iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
LIST OF TABLES xx
GLOSSARY OF TERMS xxii

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Prologue: Personal Context 1
1.2 Background of the Study and Problem Definition 2
1.3 Importance of the Study 7
1.4 Research Gap 8
1.5 Research Questions 10
1.6 Aim and Objectives 10
1.7 Structure and Organisation of the Thesis 11

2 Streets from an Urban Design Dimension 14
2.1 Introduction 14
2.2 Street: Concept and Definition 14
2.3 The Role of Street 16
2.3.1 Street as Channel of Movement 16
2.3.2 Street as Social Space 17
2.3.3 Street as Commercial Space 18
2.3.4 Street as Political Space 18
2.3.5 Streets as Cultural Space 19
2.4 Street from an Urban Design Dimension 20
2.4.1 The Morphological Dimension of Street 20
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2.4.2 The Perceptual Dimension of Street 23
2.4.3 The Socio-cultural Dimension of the Street 26
2.4.4 The Visual Dimension of the Street 29
2.4.5 The Functional Dimension of the Street 33
2.4.6 The Temporal Dimension of the Street 34
2.5 Chapter Conclusion 37

3 The Concept of Traditional Street and Street Quality 39
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Traditional Street Concept 39
3.2.1 Principles and Definition of the Traditional Streets 39
3.2.2 Traditional Streets as Heritage 41
3.3 Urban Quality in Urban Design Literature: Concept and 43
Definitions
3.4 Indicators of Urban Quality 44
3.4.1 Filtering and Ordering the Urban and Street Quality Indicator 47
3.4.2 Legibility 49
3.4.3 Walkability 50
3.4.4 Accessibility 51
3.4.5 Connectivity 53
3.4.6 Diversity 54
3.4.7 Liveability 56
3.4.8 Vitality 57
3.4.9 Adaptability 57
3.4.10 Creativity 59
3.4.11 Form and Visual Quality 61
3.4.12 Transparency and Active Frontage 62
3.4.13 Safety 63
3.4.14 Imageability 64
3.4.15 Place Attachment 65
3.4.16 Authenticity 66
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3.5 Measuring the Street Quality 68
3.6 Chapter Conclusion: Framework for Street Quality 71

4 Streets in Southeast Asian Cities 73
4.1 Introduction 73
4.1.1 General Profile of Indonesian Cities 73
4.1.2 Urban Planning and Design in Indonesia 76
4.2 Streets as Public Space in Southeast Asian Cities 88
4.3 Streets as Public Space in Indonesian Cities 93
4.4 Chapter Conclusion 97

5 Research Methods 99
5.1 Introduction 99
5.2 Research Method Paradigms 99
5.3 Research Design: from Questions to Method 100
5.4 A Qualitative Inquiry 101
5.5 Research Strategy: Case Study Design 103
5.6 The Case Study Protocol 105
5.6.1 Primary Data 106
5.6.2 Secondary Data 110
5.6.3 Instruments of Data Sources 110
5.7 Analysis Procedures 111
5.8 Research Methodology Framework 111
5.9 The Case Study Operation 114
5.9.1 Case Study Selection 114
5.9.2 Data Collection 117
5.9.3 Case Study: Malioboro Street 118
5.9.4 Case Study: Pecinan Street 121
5.9.5 Case Study: Pasar Baru Street 123
5.10 The Analysis Operation 125
5.11 Strength and Limitation of the Method 129
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5.12 Chapter Conclusion 130

6 Pasar Baru Street 132
6.1 Introduction 132
6.2 Jakarta: History and Transformation 133
6.2.1 An Imperial City: 12th Century to 1619 AD 133
6.2.2 Jakarta as Colonial City (1619-1945) 134
6.2.3 Jakarta after Independence (1945 to present) 136
6.3 The Formation of Pasar Baru Street (1820-1900s) 138
6.4 Pasar Baru in the Twentieth Century (1900s to 2000s) 141
6.5 Pasar Baru Street from an Urban Design Dimension 144
6.5.1 Land Use 144
6.5.2 Plot Pattern and Street Pattern 145
6.6 Measuring Pasar Baru Street’s Quality 146
6.6.1 Legibility 146
6.6.2 Walkability, Accessibility and Connectivity 149
6.6.3 Diversity 153
6.6.4 Liveability 157
6.6.5 Vitality 161
6.6.6 Adaptability 175
6.6.7 Creativity 179
6.6.8 Form and Visual Quality 183
6.6.9 Transparency and Active Frontage 186
6.6.10 Safety 192
6.6.11 Imageability 195
6.6.12 Place Attachment 194
6.6.13 Authenticity 201
6.7 Planning and Management 204
6.8 Chapter Conclusion: The Quality of Pasar Baru Street 209

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7 Pecinan Street 212
7.1 Introduction 212
7.2 Magelang: History and Transformation 214
7.2.1 Magelang under Islamic Mataram Kingdom (1755-1810) 214
7.2.2 Magelang as Colonial City (1810-1945) 215
7.2.3 Magelang after Independence (1945 - present) 218
7.3 The Formation of Pecinan Street (1810-1900s) 221
7.4 Pecinan Street in the Twentieth Century (1900s to 2000s) 220
7.5 Pecinan Street from an Urban Design Dimension 224
7.5.1 Land Use 225
7.5.2 Plot Pattern and Street Pattern 225
7.6 Measuring Pasar Baru Street’s Quality 226
7.6.1 Legibility 226
7.6.2 Walkability, Accessibility and Connectivity 229
7.6.3 Diversity 232
7.6.4 Liveability 237
7.6.5 Vitality 240
7.6.6 Adaptability 251
7.6.7 Creativity 251
7.6.8 Form and Visual Quality 259
7.6.9 Transparency and Active Frontage 264
7.6.10 Safety 265
7.6.11 Imageability 268
7.6.12 Place Attachment 270
7.6.13 Authenticity 275
7.7 Planning and Management 276
7.8 Chapter Conclusion: The Quality of Pecinan Street 280

8 Malioboro Street 282
8.1 Introduction 282
8.2 Yogyakarta: History and Transformation 283
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8.2.1 Yogyakarta under Islamic Mataram Kingdom (1755-1790) 283
8.2.2 Yogyakarta under Colonial Hegemony (1790-1945) 285
8.2.3 Yogyakarta after Independence (1945- present) 286
8.3 The Formation of Malioboro Street (1756-1900s) 289
8.4 Malioboro in the Twentieth Century (1900s to 2000s) 292
8.5 Malioboro Street from an Urban Design Dimension 294
8.5.1 Land Use 294
8.5.2 Plot Pattern and Street Pattern 295
8.6 Measuring Pasar Baru Street’s Quality 297
8.6.1 Legibility 297
8.6.2 Walkability, Accessibility and Connectivity 300
8.6.3 Diversity 304
8.6.4 Liveability 310
8.6.5 Vitality 315
8.6.6 Adaptability 329
8.6.7 Creativity 333
8.6.8 Form and Visual Quality 341
8.6.9 Transparency and Active Frontage 346
8.6.10 Safety 347
8.6.11 Imageability 349
8.6.12 Place Attachment 351
8.6.13 Authenticity 354
8.7 Planning and Management 356
8.8 Chapter Conclusion: The Quality of Malioboro Street 359

9 Traditional Street Quality: Comparison and Contrast 362
9.1 Introduction 362
9.2 Street Quality Indicators: Comparison and Contrast 363
9.2.1 Legibility 363
9.2.2 Walkability, Accessibility, and Connectivity 366
9.2.3 Diversity 366
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