Ship-shaped Offshore Installations: Design, Building, and Operation

562 Pages·2007·10.52 MB·English

by  Jeom Kee Paik

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SHIP-SHAPED OFFSHORE INSTALLATIONS
Ship-shapedoffshoreunitsaresomeofthemoreeconomicalsystemsforthedevelopment
of offshore oil and gas fields and are often preferred in marginal fields. These systems
areespeciallyattractivewhendevelopingoilandgasfieldsindeep-andultradeep-water
areas and locations remote from existing pipeline infrastructures. Recently, the ship-
shaped offshore units have also been considered for application to near-shore oil and
gasterminals.Thisbookisanidealtextandreferenceonthetechnologiesfordesigning,
building, and operating ship-shaped offshore units, within inevitable space (and time)
requirements.Thisbookincludesarangeoftopics,fromtheinitialcontractingstrategy
tothedecommissioningandtheremovaloftheunitsconcerned.Coverageincludesboth
fundamentaltheoryandprinciplesoftheindividualtechnologies.Thisbookwillbeuseful
tostudentswhoareapproachingthesubjectforthefirsttimeaswellasdesignersworking
ontheengineeringforship-shapedoffshoreinstallations.
JeomKeePaikisProfessorofShipandOffshoreStructuralMechanicsatPusanNational
University,Korea,andisaninternationallyacclaimedauthorityonlimit-statedesignand
assessment of ships and offshore structures. Professor Paik has been chairman of the
workinggroupfordevelopmentofISOcode18072onshipsandmarinetechnologyand
chairmanoftheInternationalShipandOffshoreStructuresCongress(ISSC)Technical
CommitteesonUltimateStrength,ConditionAssessmentofAgedShips,andShipColli-
sionsandGrounding.ProfessorPaikiseditor-in-chiefoftheinternationaljournalShips
andOffshoreStructures(SaOS).HeisaFellow,councilmember,Koreanbranchchair-
man,andapublicationscommitteememberoftheRoyalInstitutionofNavalArchitects
(RINA),UK,andamemberoftheTechnicalandResearchSteeringCommitteeofthe
Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME), USA. Professor Paik is
thecoauthorofUltimateLimitStateDesignofSteel-PlatedStructuresandtheauthoror
coauthor of more than 500 publications in refereed journals, conference proceedings,
researchreports,andseveralbookchapters.
Anil Kumar Thayamballi is Senior Staff Consultant and Engineering Advisor with a
marineconsultancygroupinSanRamon,California.Heisaspecialistinmarinestruc-
turaldesignandlife-cyclecare,with25yearsofbroad-rangingexperienceinship-shaped
structures. He has served on the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Com-
mittee for Fatigue and Fracture Reliability and on the American Petroleum Institute
Resource Group RG-4 on Structural Element Behavior. He has served on the ISSC
TechnicalCommitteeonDesignProceduresandPhilosophyandhasservedasitschair-
man.HehasalsoservedasworkinggroupchairmanfortheTankerStructureCooperative
Forumandcontinuestobeinvolvedintheforumactivities.Hecurrentlyservesonthe
Marine Technology Committee of the SNAME in New York. Dr. Thayamballi is also
a member-at-large of the Structural Stability Research Council and a member of the
RoyalInstitutionofNavalArchitects.Dr.Thayamballiistheauthororcoauthorofmore
than sixty refereed technical publications and the book Ultimate Limit State Design of
Steel-PlatedStructures.
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Ship-Shaped Offshore Installations
DESIGN, BUILDING, AND OPERATION
JEOM KEE PAIK
Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
Pusan National University, Korea
ANIL KUMAR THAYAMBALLI
San Ramon, CA, USA
iii
CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521859219
© Jeom Kee Paik and Anil Kumar Thayamballi 2007
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of
relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2007
ISBN-13 978-0-511-29483-9 eBook (EBL)
ISBN-10 0-511-29483-2 eBook (EBL)
ISBN-13 978-0-521-85921-9 hardback
ISBN-10 0-521-85921-2 hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls
for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not
guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
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Contents
Preface page xv
Acknowledgments xix
HowtoUseThisBook xxi
1 OverviewofShip-ShapedOffshoreInstallations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 HistoricalOverviewofOffshoreStructureDevelopments 1
1.1.1 EarlyHistory 1
1.1.2 HistoryfromWorldWarIItotheEarly1970s 1
1.1.3 HistoryaftertheEarly1970s 2
1.2 ProcessofOffshoreOilandGasDevelopments 3
1.3 SystemConceptsforDeep-andUltradeep-WaterFieldDevelopments 4
1.3.1 Semisubmersibles 5
1.3.2 Spars 6
1.3.3 TensionLegPlatforms 7
1.3.4 Ship-ShapedOffshoreUnits 7
1.4 ABriefHistoryoftheFPSOInstallations 9
1.5 TradingTankersversusShip-ShapedOffshoreUnits 13
1.6 NewBuildversusTankerConversion 15
1.7 LayoutandGeneralArrangementofFPSOs 16
1.7.1 DeckAreaandGeneralArrangement 16
1.7.2 Layout 16
1.7.3 RelationshipsbetweenPrincipalDimensions 19
1.7.4 Double-HullArrangements 22
1.7.5 TankDesignandArrangements 22
1.8 LongitudinalStrengthCharacteristicsofFPSOHulls 23
1.9 DrawingsofaHypotheticalFPSO 24
1.10 AimsandScopeofThisBook 28
References 29
2 Front-EndEngineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 InitialPlanningandContractingStrategies 32
2.3 EngineeringandDesign 33
2.4 PrincipalAspectsDrivingProjectandVesselCosts 34
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2.5 SelectionofStorage,Production,andOffloadingCapabilities 34
2.6 Site-SpecificMetoceanData 35
2.7 ProcessFacilityDesignParameters 36
2.8 Limit-StateDesignRequirements 36
2.9 Risk-AssessmentRequirements 37
2.10 ProjectManagement 38
2.11 Post-BidScheduleandManagement 39
2.12 BuildingMaterialIssues:YieldStress 39
2.13 BuildingMaterialIssues:FractureToughness 41
2.14 HullStructuralScantlingIssues 42
2.15 Action-EffectAnalysisIssues 43
2.16 FatigueDesignIssues 44
2.17 HydrodynamicImpact-PressureActionIssues:Sloshing,Slamming,
andGreenWater 45
2.18 VesselMotionandStation-KeepingIssues 45
2.19 TopsidesDesignIssues 46
2.20 MooringSystemDesignIssues 47
2.21 ExportSystemDesignIssues 47
2.22 CorrosionIssues 48
2.23 AccommodationDesignIssues 48
2.24 ConstructionIssues 49
2.25 EquipmentTestingIssues 49
2.26 TowingIssues 50
2.27 FieldInstallationandCommissioningIssues 50
2.28 InspectionandMaintenanceIssues 51
2.29 RegulationsandClassingIssues 52
References 53
3 DesignPrinciples,Criteria,andRegulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 StructuralDesignPrinciples 55
3.2.1 WorkingStressDesign 56
3.2.2 Limit-StateDesign 56
3.2.3 CriticalBucklingStrengthDesign 57
3.2.4 ComparisonamongtheThreeDesignMethods 60
3.3 Limit-StateCriteriaforStructuralDesignandStrengthAssessment 65
3.4 ProbabilisticFormatversusPartialSafetyFactorFormat 65
3.4.1 ProbabilisticFormat 65
3.4.2 PartialSafetyFactorFormat 67
3.4.3 ConsiderationsRelatedtoSafetyFactors 68
3.5 UnifiedDesignRequirementsforTradingTankerHullStructures 71
3.6 DesignPrinciplesforStability 74
3.7 DesignPrinciplesforTowingandStation-Keeping 74
3.8 DesignPrinciplesforVesselMotions 75
3.9 DesignPrinciplesforSafety,Health,andtheEnvironment 75
3.9.1 DesignPrinciplesforSafety 75
3.9.2 DesignPrinciplesforHealth 77
3.9.3 DesignPrinciplesfortheEnvironment 77
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Contents vii
3.10 Regulations,InternationalStandards,andRecommendedPractices 78
References 80
4 EnvironmentalPhenomenaandApplicationtoDesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.1 Introduction 82
4.2 EnvironmentalData 83
4.3 Waves 84
4.3.1 UKOOAFPSODesignGuidanceNotesforUKCSService 85
4.3.2 AmericanPetroleumInstituteRecommendedPractices 86
4.3.3 DetNorskeVeritasClassificationNotes 86
4.4 Winds 88
4.5 WaterDepthsandTidalLevels 91
4.6 Currents 91
4.7 AirandSeaTemperatures 93
4.8 SnowandIcing 93
4.9 MarineGrowth 95
4.10 TankSloshing 96
4.10.1 Fundamentals 96
4.10.2 PracticesforSloshingAssessment 96
4.10.3 MeasuresforSloshingRiskMitigation 99
4.11 BowSlamming 99
4.11.1 Fundamentals 99
4.11.2 PracticesforBow-SlammingAssessment 99
4.11.3 MeasuresforBow-SlammingRiskMitigation 100
4.12 GreenWater 100
4.12.1 Fundamentals 100
4.12.2 PracticesforGreen-WaterAssessment 101
4.12.3 MeasuresforGreen-WaterRiskMitigation 102
4.13 ConsiderationsRelatedtotheReturnPeriod 103
4.14 WaveEnergySpectraExpressions 105
4.14.1 TheGeneralizedPierson–MoskowitzSpectrum 105
4.14.2 TheJONSWAPSpectrum 106
4.14.3 DirectionalWaveSpectra 106
4.15 DesignBasisEnvironmentalConditions 107
References 107
5 ServiceabilityLimit-StateDesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.1 Introduction 111
5.2 DesignPrinciplesandCriteria 112
5.3 PracticesforActionsandAction-EffectsAnalysis 113
5.4 ElasticDeflectionLimits:UnderQuasistaticActions 114
5.4.1 SupportMembers 114
5.4.2 PlatesbetweenSupportMembers 118
5.5 ElasticBucklingLimits 118
5.5.1 ElasticPlateBuckling 120
5.5.2 ElasticStiffenerWebBuckling 123
5.5.3 ElasticTrippingofStiffener 125
5.5.4 ElasticStiffenerFlangeBuckling 128
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5.6 PermanentSetDeflectionLimits:UnderImpact-PressureActions 128
5.6.1 PlatesbetweenSupportMembers 129
5.6.2 LongitudinallyStiffenedPanelsbetweenTransverse
Frames 131
5.6.3 Cross-StiffenedPlateStructures 132
5.6.4 IllustrativeExamples 133
5.7 IntactVesselStability 134
5.8 VesselStation-Keeping 137
5.9 VesselWeathervaningandHeadingControl 139
5.10 VesselMotionExceedance 140
5.11 VibrationandNoise 141
5.12 MooringLineVortex-InducedResonanceOscillation 143
5.13 CorrosionWastage 145
References 145
6 UltimateLimit-StateDesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
6.1 Introduction 148
6.2 DesignPrinciplesandCriteria 148
6.3 ActionsandAction-EffectsAnalysis 150
6.4 StructuralComponentConfiguration 151
6.5 UltimateStrengthofPlates 153
6.5.1 Fundamentals 153
6.5.2 Closed-FormExpressions 154
6.5.3 AnalyticalMethods 159
6.5.4 SemianalyticalMethods 164
6.5.5 NonlinearFinite-ElementMethods 166
6.5.6 IllustrativeExamples 168
6.6 UltimateStrengthofStiffenedPlateStructures 168
6.6.1 Fundamentals 168
6.6.2 Closed-FormExpressions 173
6.6.3 AnalyticalMethods 173
6.6.4 SemianalyticalMethods 175
6.6.5 NonlinearFinite-ElementMethods 177
6.6.6 IllustrativeExamples 180
6.7 UltimateStrengthofVesselHulls 182
6.7.1 Fundamentals 182
6.7.2 Closed-FormExpressions 182
6.7.3 ProgressiveHullCollapseAnalysis:IdealizedStructural
UnitMethod 185
6.7.3.1 BackgroundofIdealizedStructuralUnitMethod 185
6.7.3.2 ISUMStructuralModeling 187
6.7.3.3 ISUMPlateElement 188
(1) NodalForcesandNodalDisplacements 189
(2) StrainversusDisplacementRelationship 189
(3) StressversusStrainRelationship 191
(4) TangentStiffnessEquation 192
(5) Displacement(Shape)Function 193
(6) FailureStateConsiderations 194
(7) Post-UltimateStrengthBehavior 195
(8) BenchmarkStudyofthePlateElement 195