Ship. 5,000 Years of Maritime Adventure

402 Pages·2017·198.07 MB·English

by  Brian Lavery

S H I P
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S H I P
5,000 YEARS OF
MARITIME ADVENTURE
B R I A N L A V E R Y
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Senior Editor Peter Frances
Project Editor Sarah Larter, Gill Pitts
Editors Georgina Garner, Ben Hoare, Giles Sparrow,
David and Sylvia Tombesi-Walton, Nikky Twyman
Indexer Jane Parker
Senior Art Editor Sunita Gahir
Project Art Editors David Ball,
Vanessa Marr, Lee Riches
Designers Paul Drislane, Simon Murrell
Picture Researcher Louise Thomas
Illustrators Tim Loughead, John Plumer
DTP Designers John Goldsmid, Paul Maguire,
Rajen Shah, Adam Shepherd
Production Controller Melanie Dowland
Managing Editor Liz Wheeler
Managing Art Editor Philip Ormerod
Category Publisher Jonathan Metcalf
Art Director Bryn Walls
Special Photography Gary Ombler
Revised Edition
DK DELHI
Senior Art Editor Chhaya Sajwan
Project Editor Nisha Shaw
Assistant Editor Smita Mathur
Art Editors Meenal Goel, Roshni Kapur
Assistant Art Editor Rohit Bhardwaj
Senior DTP Designers Harish Aggarwal
DTP Designers Anita Yadav, Syed Md Farhan
Picture Researcher Deepak Negi
Managing Jackets Editor Saloni Talwar
Senior Managing Editor Rohan Sinha
Senior Managing Art Editor Arunesh Talapatra
Pre-production Manager Balwant Singh
Production Manager Pankaj Sharma
Picture Research Manager Taiyaba Khatoon
DK LONDON
Senior Editor Jemima Dunne
Senior Art Editors Helen Spencer, Nicola Rodway
Jackets Designer Jon Durbin
Jacket Design Development Manager Sophia MTT
Producer, Pre-production Jacqueline Street
Producer Mandy Inness
Managing Editor Gareth Jones
Managing Art Editor Lee Griffiths
Associate Publishing Director Liz Wheeler
Art Director Karen Self
Publishing Director Jonathan Metcalf
Curatorial Consultant Simon Stephens
Smithsonian Consultant Paul F. Johnston
Project Co-ordinators Katie Mann, Ellen Nanney
First published in Great Britain in 2004
This edition published in 2017
by Dorling Kindersley Limited
80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL
Copyright © 2004, 2005, 2017 Dorling Kindersley Limited
A Penguin Random House Company
Text copyright © 2004, 2005, 2017 National Maritime Museum
10 9 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
001–305220–Feb/2017
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the
prior written permission of the copyright owner.
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-0-2412-9804-6
Printed in China
A WORLD OF IDEAS:
SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW
www.dk.com
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CONTENTS
foreword 6
1 THE BIRTH OF SHIPS 8
the first boats 10
the ship in ancient times 18
2 SAILORS OF THE SEAS 30
the ship in northern europe 32
the ship in the mediterranean 50
the ship in the east 56
3 EUROPEAN EXPANSION 66
early explorers 68
colonization 82
gunpowder and sail 92
4 THE AGE OF SAIL 110
wars for empire 112
trade under sail 140
exploration 156
5 THE AGE OF STEAM 168
steam power 170
maritime trade 184
new imperialism 194
the great shipping lines 200
naval warfare 212
6 THE LAST DAYS OF SAIL 228
sail in the age of steam 230
fishing and whaling 246
to sea for pleasure 260
7 THE WORLD WARS 268
the road to war 270
the first world war 286
between the wars 298
the second world war 310
8 THE GLOBAL AGE 336
the new warship 338
ships in the consumer age 358
leisure, pleasure, and sport 368
ships and ocean resources 378
glossary 390
index 393
acknowledgments 399
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FOREWORD
My earliest significant encounter with Ship wonderfully illustrates the It was not until the 15th century,
ships and the sea was as a 14-year-old importance of humankind’s seafaring however, that European development
on a six-week voyage on board the P&O endeavours, past and present, in of the truly ocean-going, three-masted
liner, Oronsay, when my family moved exploration, commerce, and conflict. sailing ship enabled exploration and
from Australia to the UK. This journey Our oceans and rivers cover more than intercontinental trade on a sustained
eventually carried through to my 70 per cent of the Earth’s surface. Since global scale. Many people may not
professional life when I became a the earliest times, they have presented fully appreciate the important role
maritime museum director in Australia, formidable navigational challenges and the sea continues to exert on our daily
and later took me back across the oceans tremendous opportunities for the lives. For instance, the introduction
to become Director of the National movement of people, free and forced, of containerization in the 1960s has
Maritime Museum at Greenwich, and their goods. Today, it is estimated revolutionized international trade.
London, in 2007. Drawing upon the that 80 per cent of the world’s population Today, goods and component parts can
Museum’s magnificent collections, lives only a day’s travel from the coast. be manufactured virtually anywhere in
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the world, then shipped to another people still rely on ferries, large and combine as Royal Museums Greenwich.
country for assembly before the finished small, for short journeys across rivers Ships are not the only subject the
product is exported, again by ship and and straits, between islands, or for Greenwich collections cover, but this
worldwide. Such networks save both deeper sea crossings. book splendidly represents that key
time and money and therefore, not Brian Lavery’s text, a fascinating aspect of them.
surprisingly, 90 per cent of the world’s and comprehensive look at 5,000 years
trade is still carried by sea. of man’s encounter with the sea, is richly
Moreover, the massive growth of illustrated with images and objects
cruise ship tourism, together with drawn from the world-class holdings
more affordable access to sailing and at Greenwich, where the National
DR KEVIN FEWSTER
water sports, now allows more people Maritime Museum, the historic Royal

to interact with ships and the sea than Observatory and Queen’s House, and
DIRECTOR
ever before. And, of course, many the famous tea clipper Cutty Sark, now ROYAL MUSEUMS GREENWICH
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008-009 Chapter1 Opener 12/05/2004 18:44 Page 8 (TEXT BLACK plate)
NAVAL DOMINATION
The Roman emperor Trajan presides at the stern of a
trireme on this carved column commemorating victory
against the Dacians in AD105–106. The Romans’
naval superiority was the culmination of thousands of
years of maritime achievement in the Mediterranean.