Shield Tunneling Technology in Mixed Face Ground Conditions

534 Pages·2022·29.101 MB·English

by  Weibin Zhu, Shijian Ju, Hui Wang

Weibin Zhu
Shijian Ju
Hui Wang
Shield Tunneling
Technology
in Mixed
Face Ground
Conditions
Shield Tunneling Technology in Mixed Face
Ground Conditions
· ·
Weibin Zhu Shijian Ju Hui Wang
Shield Tunneling Technology
in Mixed Face Ground
Conditions
Weibin Zhu Shijian Ju
Guangzhou Metro Group Co., Ltd. Guangzhou Rail Transit Construction
Guangzhou, Guangdong, China Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd
Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
Hui Wang
Guangzhou Metro Group Co., Ltd.
Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
Translated by
Lu Zhang Shengli Hu
Guangzhou Metro Design and Research Herrenknecht Beijing Office
Institute Beijing, China
Guangzhou, China
ISBN 978-981-19-4111-5 ISBN 978-981-19-4112-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4112-2
Translation from the Chinese language edition: by Weibin Zhu
et al., © China Architecture & Building Press 2017. Published by China Architecture & Building Press.
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Foreword
I am amused to receive the manuscript of the English version of Shield Tunneling
Technology in Mixed Face Ground Conditions, since I already wrote the foreword
for the 2nd Chinese Edition. Dating back to the days of shield tunneling for the Metro
Line 1 of Guangzhou, hundreds of meetings for discussion have been held and delib-
erative decisions have been made by considering the complexities and challenges of
the construction environment in Guangzhou. Due to discretion, the shield tunneling
technologies have been successfully applied in the mixed face ground conditions.
Over 20 years past (counting from the construction of Guangzhou Metro Line 1),
the shield tunneling technologies of China experienced rapid and tremendous
improvement. The authors of this book are a group of diligent and dedicated people
who have been working on the job sites for decades to accumulate experience, train
teams and make decisions on difficult problems in the construction process. What
is more delightful is that they have not been afraid to retreat even when the project
is difficult. In order to overcome the problem of the mixed geology of Guangzhou
Metro Line 6 crossing the Pearl River, they proposed and applied the first EPB shield
machine with double screw conveyors in China. Further, to address the problem of
“discharge stagnation” of the mixed face ground conditions in the karstic area of
Line 9, they innovated and successfully developed and applied the first dual-mode
(EPB-Slurry) shield machine in China. Additionally, in order to inspect and repair the
shield machine under mixed ground conditions, they invented the HDN Paste method
for hyperbaric intervention. Moreover, to deal with the granite and corestones, which
are common in the coastal area of South China, they invented the “micro rock
blasting” method for shield tunneling in mixed geology. The above innovations not
only made a breakthrough in the engineering method, but also greatly reduced the
risk of the project and achieved important social and economic benefits. Through
continuous summary, innovation and promotion, the authors have made the shield
tunneling technology under mixed face ground conditions go farther and wider.
v
vi Foreword
I deeply appreciate the persistent efforts made by the authors in the field of shield
tunneling, and as the masterpiece of the authors, this book not only concentrates the
core system of shield tunneling in mixed face ground conditions established by the
authors but also bring the authors’ ideas to the world.
Beijing Zhongheng Shi
April 2022 Academician of Chinese Academy of
Engineering
Preface
In the early 1990s, after several years of deliberateness, it was finally decided to use
the shield tunneling method for the constructions of Metro Line 1 in Guangzhou,
which is the busiest, most densely built and most heavily trafficked section of
the downtown. The tendering documents clearly stipulated that only international
contractors with experience in analogous geology, as in Guangzhou, were allowed
to bid, including joint ventures of domestic and international contractors were also
rejected. This is probably the only tendering case in China’s history of civil construc-
tion. Speaking of the reasons, it can be simply summarized into one sentence:
the geology and ground surface conditions in this section in Guangzhou are too
complicated.
For this reason, the Guangzhou Metro has set up the “Guangzhou Metro Shield
Tunneling Division” to implement the management of the project from the owner’s
side. The shield tunneling division was composed of a dozen people who basically
knew little or even nothing about shield tunneling technology. At that time, the
target was training a group of people to master shield tunneling technologies, in
order to reserve the technical strength for Guangzhou Metro to implement the shield
tunneling of subsequent projects on its own. Project engineers were required to be
on-site around the clock, and each technician was required to operate the shield
machine personally, excavating and assembling at least one ring of lining segments.
In 1995, the TBM used for Guangzhou Metro Line 1 was launched from Huangsha
Station, the technicians of our shield division were working together with the tech-
nical staff of the contractor (Aoki, Japan) and the supervisor (Sofitel, France). After
smooth tunneling for a certain period, complaints of house cracking caused by shield
tunneling were encountered until three houses on the north side of Huagui Road
were toppled down. At that moment, peaceful sleep had been history and the situ-
ation was like treading on thin ice. Stumbling along to 1997, the shield tunnel was
surprisedly breaking through, and the quality was pretty good. During those days,
we learned from the contractors and supervisors their meticulous spirit of technique,
standardized management and strict scientific attitude. With rich experience in the
construction and accident-handling processes, we gained an in-depth understanding
of shield tunneling technologies.
vii
viii Preface
Since then, not only the constructions with shield tunneling for Metro Line 2,
Line 3 and Line 4 in Guangzhou had started one after another, but also the wave of
constructing Metro lines with shield tunneling method spread out the whole country
(China). Hundreds of engineers and technicians from various constructors went to
different places in China, after experiencing the hardships of shield tunneling in
Guangzhou. Date back to the 1990s, it was extremely difficult to find out any book
in China, which demonstrates the shield tunneling technologies under mixed face
ground conditions. As engineers, we thought it would be a pleasure to share our
understanding, knowledge and lessons learned from practicing shield construction
technology in such a complex construction environment in order to mutually improve
the understanding of shield tunneling and promote the application of this method.
Thus, the 1st Chinese Edition of the book “Shield Tunneling Technology in Mixed
Face Ground Conditions” was published in 2006. The 1st Chinese Edition of this
book is a summary of the experience of over 10 years of constructing metro tunnels
of more than 70 km by applying 30 shield machines in Guangzhou.
As time flies, more than a decade had passed since the 1st Chinese Edition was
published. Those graduates who participated in the shield tunneling in Guangzhou
have already entered middle age, and the middle-aged people have already become
grandfathers. Fortunately, we are not only growing older, but our knowledge has also
become mature.
In the past twenty years, the authors have participated in hundreds of meetings in
terms of shield tunneling technology and hundred times of dealing with accidents.
Those lessons we learned are based on the pursuit of shield tunneling technology,
the sweat and even blood of the engineers and technicians, it makes sense to present
them to the industry for the improvement of the field to some degree.
Further, as the company we worked for, Guangzhou Metro and its subsidiary
Guangzhou Rail Transit Construction Supervision Co., Ltd. have not only completed
the construction management of shield tunneling of metro lines in Guangzhou, but
also participated in the supervision, consultation or scheme review of shield tunneling
for metro constructions in other 20 cities in China. During the project implementation,
we have discussed with experts and technicians from Germany, Japan, Canada, China
and other countries about TBM type selection and equipment configuration, and we
have completed over 400 articles from 2007 to 2017. Summarizing the experience
and lessons in the second decade contributed to scientific cognition and reasonable
solutions for the troubles met in shield tunneling.
Moreover, the total number of TBMs applied in China exceeded 3,000 by the end
of 2019, which is far more than the 10 TBMs that we have used for constructing
Metro Line 1 in Guangzhou. We are fortunate to be in the tide of the improve-
ment of China’s shield tunneling technology and witnessed the history of China’s
independent development of shield machines. All in all, we hope to share with our
colleagues the novel ideas and fresh achievements we have made in the past 10 years
through practical engineering experience and systematic analysis of a pool of new
information, so that we can work together to promote the healthy development of the
Preface ix
industry. Therefore, we decided to reprint the book on “Shield Tunneling Technology
in Mixed Face Ground Conditions” in 2020, which is the 2nd Chinese Edition.
Along with the blooming of urban infrastructure in China, rapid development in
researching shield tunneling technologies has been carried out and gained tremen-
dous achievements. To meet the goal of the Belt and Road Initiative, an increasing
number of Chinese enterprises went out to the world, including TBM manufacturers,
design institutes as well as contractors. It is thus a pleasure to share the experiences
and achievements we obtained in China with others, since we learned from the inter-
national pioneers and would like to give back to the world. Hence, we came up
with the idea of publishing an English Edition of the book on “Shield Tunneling
Technology in Mixed Face Ground Conditions”, based on the 2nd Chinese Edition.
Compared to the 2nd Chinese Edition, we reduced the number of chapters from
27 to 17 in this English Edition, with a focus on the theory for shield tunneling in
mixed face ground conditions, which can be concluded as “Geology is the base,
TBM is the key and human is the essence”. Surrounding the above focus, this book
illustrates geological survey, diverse types and configurations of TBMs and, last but
not least, the severe troubles that can be encountered in shield tunneling under mixed
geology and cutting-edge techniques carried out by us to address the problems. To
be more specific, we introduced prominent innovations such as frozen cutter head,
steel sleeve, single-pipeline-single-pump and configuration of cutting tools, which
are proposed by those creative Chinese engineers.
In particular, many of the photos pointing to the same event in this English Edition
may have been taken by different people at the same time, from the same angle
or in the same environment. When adopting them, we tried to mark the source
as far as possible, however, some sources were missed due to a small number of
undistinguishable reasons.
Without supports by the engineers from different project owners, contractors,
designers, TBM manufacturers, and consultants, the printing of this English Edition
is never going to happen. We indeed appreciate the directions from Mr. Wenbing
Wang, Mr. Zhongheng Shi, Mr. Zhenxin Wang and Mr. Mi Zhang, covering the
tendering of TBM, on-site management, accident handling and so forth. Further,
we admire the instructions of engineers from Aoki, Sofitel, Herrenknecht, Chinese
contractors and so forth.
Additionally, the publishing of this book is also contributed to experts from
Herrenknecht AG, as they strongly supported the whole process. Herein, we deeply
thank the efforts made by the team of the Herrenknecht Beijing Office.
Looking back to the ca. 30 years of engaging in the field of shield tunneling,
it is breaking through brambles and thorns, and the following are the most impor-
tant experiences we have summarized: (1) going deep into the job site and continu-
ously strengthening our understanding of the geology, (2) integrating innovations and
constantly optimizing the equipment and functions of shield machines, (3) combining
the technology of IoT (Internet of Things) and constantly improving the ability and
x Preface
level of delicacy management. For the fellows who are working in this field or are
going to step into this field, we hope they still would carry on the spirit of TBM,
“no back off, always forward!”. As long as we move forward, no matter whether it
is smooth or tortuous, we will see the light in the end.
Guangzhou, China Shijian Ju
April 2022 Weibin Zhu