Table Of ContentKey Technologies for Tunnel Construction under Complex
Geological and Environmental Conditions
Kairong Hong Editor
Shield Tunneling
Technology in
Hard-Soft Uneven
Stratum and
Extremely-Soft
Stratum
Key Technologies for Tunnel Construction under
Complex Geological and Environmental
Conditions
SeriesEditor
QihuQian,Nanjing,China
This series is written on the basis of several difficult projects, aiming at complex
geological conditions such as complex topography and landform types, complex
geological structure and poor geotechnical engineering geology, systematically
describes the Key Technologies for Tunnel Construction under Complex Geolog-
ical and Environmental Conditions like mountains, underwater, soft and uneven
strata, from the aspects of geological exploration, early warning and risk control,
design,constructionanddigitalapplication.It’samonographthatintroducesinno-
vative achievements and core technologies formed in the construction of complex
geologicaltunnelsinrecentyears.Theseriescontainsbothtextsandillustrations.It
canbeusedasareferenceforengineers,technicians,scientificresearchers,teachers
andstudentsofrelatedspecialtiesintunnelsandundergroundengineering.
ThisseriessystematicallydescribestheKeyTechnologiesforTunnelConstruction
under Complex Geological and Environmental Conditions like mountains, under-
water, soft and uneven strata, from the aspects of geological exploration, early
warningandriskcontrol,design,constructionanddigitalapplication.
Contents of the series are mainly from a number of key projects, such as
YuelongmenTunnelofChenglanRailwayinSichuanProvince,JinanYellowRiver
TunnelProject,QiyueshanTunnelofWestHubeiExpressway,JiaozhouBayTunnel
ofQingdao,NanjingYangtzeRiverTunnelandWuhanRiverCrossingTunnel,aswell
asthe973ProjectsoftheState-Mechanism,Prediction,EarlyWarningandControl
of Major Water Inrush Disasters in Deep and Long Tunnels, Science and Tech-
nologyProjectbytheMinistryofTransport“StudyonKeyTechnologiesofUnder-
waterLargeSectionShieldTunnelConstructionunderComplexGeologicalCondi-
tions”,NationalDefenseResearchProject“Three-DimensionalAdvancePrediction
TechnologyforNationalDefenseUndergroundEngineering”.
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/16378
Kairong Hong
Editor
Shield Tunneling Technology
in Hard-Soft Uneven Stratum
and Extremely-Soft Stratum
Editor
KairongHong
StateKeyLaboratoryofShieldMachineandBoring
Technology
ChinaRailwayTunnelGroupCo.,Ltd.
Zhengzhou,Henan,China
ISSN2662-2904 ISSN2662-2912 (electronic)
KeyTechnologiesforTunnelConstructionunderComplexGeologicalandEnvironmental
Conditions
ISBN978-981-16-1382-1 ISBN978-981-16-1383-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1383-8
JointlypublishedwithShanghaiScientificandTechnicalPublishers
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Singapore
Foreword by Jun Sun
In recent years, the development of infrastructure construction in China has been
developing vigorously. The construction of “The Belt and Road” has been contin-
uously promoted. Many major projects have mushroomed vigorously, such as the
ThreeGorgesProject,theQinghai–TibetRailway,theSouthtoNorthWaterDiver-
sion,thethreeverticalandfourhorizontalhigh-speedrailnetwork,theHongKong–
Zhuhai–Macao Bridge, Shanghai Center Tower, and the construction with China’s
aidoftheJakarta–Bandunghigh-speedrailway,theChina–Laosrailway,theChina–
Thailandrailway,theGwadarPort,thePiraeusport,andsoon.Thereisnodoubtthat
Chinahasbecomeoneofthecountrieswiththelargestnumberofmajorprojectsin
theworld.Intermsofconstructionscale,technicaldifficulty,andcapitalinvestment,
these major projects are among the top not only in China, but also in the world,
and even in the first place. A series of major key technical problems emerged in
theconstructionprocessoftheseprojects,manyofwhichhavebeenwelloptimized
and solved through analysis, exploration, and innovation. Some even created new
technical means and methods on the basis of the original theory and technology
andappliedforalargenumberoftechnicalpatents.Forexample,ShanghaiCenter
Tower, 632 m, as the world’s tallest green building, has achieved many scientific
achievements in many aspects such as super high-rise design, green construction,
construction supervision, and building information modeling (BIM) technology. It
hasbeenappliedfor8inventionpatentsandauthorized12practicalnewtechnologies.
Onlyintheaspectofstructuralengineering,ithasbeenappliedtomanyinnovative
technologicalinnovations,suchasthesupporttechnologyofsuperdeepfoundation
pit, the technology of super high pumping concrete, the installation technology of
complexsteelstructure,andthetechnologyofstructuralcrackcontrol,someofwhich
havereachedtheworldlevel.Theseoptimizations,breakthroughs,andinnovations
willbeveryvaluablereferencesforChineseengineersandtechnicians.
DuringtheplenarysessionoftheNationalPeople’sCongressheldinearlyMarch
2016, many representatives said that a great deal of technological innovation and
developmentisakeydrivingfactorforrealizingChina’smacroeconomicstrategic
adjustmentduringthe13thFiveYearPlanperiodandafundamentalsupportandkey
drivingforceforrealizingtheoveralldevelopmentofthecountryundertheoverall
layout.
v
vi ForewordbyJunSun
At the same time, in the face of the opportunity of a new round of scientific
andtechnologicalrevolution,onlybymakinginnovationsandbreakthroughsinkey
coretechnologiesonebyonewecanrealizetheoverallleapofsocialproductivity,
make the level and ability of our scientific research achievements and engineering
technologycontrolentertheranksofdevelopedcountriesasearlyaspossibleandas
quicklyaspossible,soastocontinuouslyimprovethetechnologicalcompetitiveness
intheworld,andthenationalstrengthwillbestronger!Atpresent,manyengineering
technologyinnovationshavebeenwidelyrecognized,buttherearestillmanyprob-
lems in the promotion and application of innovation results. In the field of major
engineering construction, after the key engineering technical problems have been
brokenthroughandsolvedinpractice,itisnecessarytofurthersortoutandsumma-
rizethenewtheoriesormethods,andthenwidelyapplythemtoproductionpractice
again,whichinturnwillpromotefurtherinnovationanddevelopmentoftechnology,
whichisahugedrivingforceforthesustainabledevelopmentoftechnology.Oneof
the most effective aspects is to systematically summarize the innovative achieve-
ments and publish a set of technical monographs. This is also the significance
of publishing the series of “Research on Key Technologies of Major Engineering
Construction”. With the promotion of academic innovation as the main goal, the
series of “Research on Key Technologies of Major Engineering Construction” has
thefollowingcharacteristics:
1. Focus on major projects and key projects. At present, China’s infrastructure
construction is booming in various fields, and various kinds of engineering
projectscontinuetomount.Fromtheperspectiveofprojectvolumeandtechnical
difficulty,wehaveselectedanumberofmajorprojectsandkeyprojects,based
onwhich,wehavesummarizedtheprofessionaltheoryandtechnologytomake
them into books. Due to a large number of fields and disciplines involved in
variousprojectsandtheintersectionandintegrationofdisciplines,itisdifficult
tosetaseriesofbookswithasinglediscipline.Therefore,basedonthemainline
ofEngineeringcategories,aseriesofbookshavebeenwrittenineightfields,i.e.,
tunnelandundergroundengineering,bridgeengineering,railwayengineering,
highway engineering, super high-rise and large-scale public buildings, water
conservancy engineering, port engineering, urban planning, and architecture,
basically covering the main fields of engineering construction in China, with
a view to providing professional and technical reference guidance for major
engineeringconstructioninthefuture.Astherearemanyfieldsandspecialties
involved,therearesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentechnologies.Inthefield
of cross-technology, they are dealt with according to the specific situation to
avoidcontentduplicationanddisjunction.
2. Highlightcommontechnologyandinnovationachievementsandfocusonappli-
cation technology theorization. Focusing on a series of key technical prob-
lems in major projects in recent years, and based on the innovation achieve-
mentsandtechnologicalbreakthroughsmadebytheproject,theseriesofbooks
sorts out pertinently the technical experience and scientific research achieve-
ments of common, key, or significant promotion value in each series, makes
ForewordbyJunSun vii
in-depth, systematic, and detailed analysis and elaboration from the perspec-
tive of technical methods and engineering practice experience, and provides
practicaltheoreticalbasisandapplicationreferenceforthesolutionofsimilar
problemsandtheimprovementoftechnology.Inthe“SeriesofKeyTechnolo-
gies for Tunnel Construction under Complex Geological and Environmental
Conditions” (Academician Qihu Qian is the director of the editorial board),
thekeyproblemsinthecurrenttunnelandundergroundengineeringconstruc-
tionaresystematicallydescribed,andthecorrespondingprofessionaltechnical
theorysystemisformed,includingtheprediction,warning,andriskcontrolof
majorwaterinrushdisasterindeepandlongtunnels,thetreatmentofsoftand
hard uneven stratum and extremely soft stratum in shield engineering, a sort
of rectangular shield method, underwater shield tunnel, ground access shield
methodtunnel,extra-longhighwaytunnel,three-dimensionalgeologicaldetec-
tionoftunnel,rapiddetectionofshieldtunneldisease,digitalizationoftunnel
and underground engineering, new anchorage material for large deformation
tunnel in soft rock, and so on, and the key problems are solved in different
degreesintheresearchandeffectivelyimplementedinthefollow-upproject.
3. Payattentiontothepracticalvalueoftheproject.Thetechnicalachievements
involved in the series have been adopted many times in China, which have
been proved to be reliable and effective in practice, and some of them have
obtained technical patents. The series emphasizes the theory as the guide,
the application as the key, and the case as the illustration. All the technical
achievements are required to take the engineering project as the background
and the production practice as the support, so that the series not only has the
academicconnotation,butalsohastheimportantengineeringapplicationvalue.
Forexample,the“SeriesofKeyTechnologiesforLong-spanBridgeConstruc-
tionandMaintenance”(academicianJielianZhengisthedirectoroftheeditorial
board;academicianZhengqingChenisthedeputydirector),focusingonmajor
bridgeprojectssuchaslong-spansuspensionbridges,long-spanbridgesacross
the sea, multi-tower cable-stayed bridges, long-span concrete-filled steel tube
arch bridges, long-span pedestrian bridges, and large-scale spatial suspension
bridgeswithvariablewidth,focusesonthedesigninnovationtheory,construc-
tioninnovationtechnology,technicalbreakthroughofconstructiondifficulties,
bridgestructurehealthmonitoringandstateassessment,maintenanceandmain-
tenance during operation period, etc. The main contents include the vacuum
assisted pouring technology of large-scale concrete-filled steel tube structure,
thespatialcableplanesuspensionbridgesystemwithlargeproportionandvari-
ablewidth,theneweddycurrentdampingvibrationreductiontechnology,the
cablehoistingandcable-stayedbuckleconstructionoflongandlargebridges,
thesuperlarge-scaledeep-waterfoundationsuperhighcompositebridgetower,
intelligentdeformationmonitoring,theintegrationofconstructionandmainte-
nancebasedonBIM,etc.Thesetechnologiesarebasedonmajorconstruction
projects,includingthefirstbridgeofHejiangYangtzeRiver,thesecondbridge
ofHejiangYangtzeRiver,WushanYangtzeRiverBridge,Nanpanjiangbridge
ofGuangxiGuangzhourailway,ZhangjiajieGrandCanyonbridge,Xihoumen
viii ForewordbyJunSun
Bridge, Jiashao bridge, Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge, Humen second
bridge,etc.inthebook,andtherelevantcontentsofspecificprojectcasesare
analyzedindetail,withgoodapplicationreferenceTestthevalue.
4. Focus on the hot spot, focus on risk analysis, disaster prevention and mitiga-
tion, health detection, engineering digitization, and other emerging branches
inrecentyears.Undertheguidanceoftheprinciplesofgreenandsustainable
development, in recent years, technological innovation in the field of infras-
tructureconstructionhasmanyachievementsandexamplesinenergyconserva-
tionandemissionreduction,low-carbonenvironmentalprotection,greencivil
engineering,riskanalysis,disasterpreventionandmitigation,healthdetection
(remote wireless video monitoring), safety and economy in the life cycle of
theproject,reliabilityanddurability,constructiontechnologyorganizationand
management,digitization,etc.Seriesofbooksarealsoreflectedintheseaspects,
inordertogivefullplaytotheroleofseriesbooksinpromotingthelong-term,
green,andsustainabledevelopmentofmajorprojectconstruction.
5. Establish an open framework. As a result of the above characteristics, the
progress of each volume of the series is different, so the open framework is
adopted,andtheflexiblewayofpublishinginstagesisadoptedinthesetting
ofeachvolumeofthesubsequentseries.
6. Theeditorinchiefhasafirst-classacademiclevel,whichlaysasolidfounda-
tion for the academic quality of the series. The chief editor of each series is
the academic authority in this field and has an important academic status and
influenceinthisfield,forexample,ProfessorZhengqingChen,academicianof
ChineseAcademyofengineering,chiefscientistofProject985,bridgestructure
andwindengineeringexpert,ProfessorJielianZheng,academicianofChinese
Academyofengineering,bridgedesignandconstructionexpert,ProfessorQihu
Qian,academicianofChineseAcademyofengineering,protectionandunder-
ground engineering expert, Professor Zhiqiang Wu, academician of Chinese
Academyofengineering,urbanplanningandconstructionexpert,etc.Themain
writerswhoparticipatedinthewritingwereallthefront-linepersonnelactive
in the research, education, and engineering of infrastructure construction in
China,whohadundertakenmajorengineeringconstructionprojectsornational
majorscientificresearchprojects,mainlyfromChinaRailwayTunnelBureau
GroupCo.,Ltd.,CCCCTunnelEngineeringBureauCo.,Ltd.,ChinaRailway
ConstructionCo.,Ltd.,CCCChighwayplanningandDesignInstituteCo.,Ltd.,
the Army Institute of engineering design, Qingdao Metro Group Co., Ltd.,
ShanghaiUrbanConstructionGroup,ChinaMerchantsChongqingCommuni-
cations Research and Design Institute Co., Ltd, Tianjin Urban Construction
Group Co., Ltd., Zhejiang Communications Planning and Design Institute,
Tongji University, Hehai University, Southwest Jiaotong University, Hunan
University,ShandongUniversity,etc.Inadditiontoundertakingtheheavytasks
ofengineeringconstructionandscientificresearchandteaching,allexpertshave
contributedtheirwisdom,knowledge,andsweattotheprogressofengineering
technologyinChina.OnbehalfoftheGeneralEditorialCommitteeoftheseries,
Iwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltthanksandrespectfortheirhardwork.
ForewordbyJunSun ix
Atpresent,notonlythedomesticinfrastructureprojectsareintheascendant,but
also under the initiative of “The Belt and Road”, China’s major overseas projects
are booming, and the demand for high-level engineering technology is becoming
increasingly urgent. It is believed that the publication of the series of books can
provide certain assistance for the development of major engineering construction
andtheprogressofinnovativetechnologyinChina.
Shanghai,China JunSun
December2017
Mr.JunSun first-class Honorary Professor of Tongji University, senior academician of the
ChineseAcademyofSciences,andawell-knownexpertingeotechnicalmechanicsandengineering
athomeandabroad.ChiefeditoroftheseriesResearchonKeyTechnologiesofMajorEngineering
Construction.
