Table Of ContentMatthew S. Harmon
She Must and Shall Go Free
Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die
neutestamentliche Wissenschaft
und die Kunde der älteren Kirche
Herausgegeben von
James D. G. Dunn · Carl R.Holladay
Hermann Lichtenberger · Jens Schröter
Gregory E. Sterling · Michael Wolter
Band 168
De Gruyter
Matthew S. Harmon
She Must and Shall Go Free
Paul’s Isaianic Gospel in Galatians
De Gruyter
ISBN 978-3-11-022175-6
e-ISBN 978-3-11-022176-3
ISSN 0171-6441
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Harmon,MatthewS.
She must and shall go free : Paul’s Isaianic Gospel in Galatians /
MatthewS.Harmon.
p.cm.-(BeiheftezurZeitschriftfürdieneutestamentlicheWissen-
schaftunddieKundederälterenKirche,ISSN0171-6441;Bd.168)
Includesbibliographicalreferences(p. )andindexes.
ISBN978-3-11-022175-6(hardcover23¥15,5:alk.paper)
1. Bible.N.T.Galatians-RelationtoIsaiah. 2. Bible.O.T.Isaiah-
RelationtoGalatians. I.Title.
BS2685.52.H38 2010
2271.406-dc22
2010021330
BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutscheNationalbibliothek
TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie;
detailedbibliographicdataareavailableintheInternetathttp://dnb.d-nb.de.
”2010WalterdeGruyterGmbH&Co.KG,Berlin/NewYork
Printing:Hubert&Co.GmbH&Co.KG,Göttingen
(cid:2)Printedonacid-freepaper
PrintedinGermany
www.degruyter.com
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
Completing a dissertation elicits a strange mix of emotions, ranging
from excitement and gratitude to fear and trembling. It marks the end
of a remarkable season in life, one in which the kindness of God has
been manifested to me in far too many ways to list here. Although their
reward must await the final day, mentioning them here is a small way
of acknowledging to others my dependence on the grace of God mani-
fested through them.
The place to begin is with those who enabled me to pursue doctoral
studies. It is both humbling and sobering to reflect upon how generous
and sacrificial others have been to enable me to pursue God’s call on
my life. Both my own parents, Gary and Diane Harmon, and my wife’s
parents, Tom and Jean Hudson, have been generous in their love and
financial support throughout the process. My wife’s brother and his
wife, John and Carolyn Hudson, have also been partners with us
throughout the process, always quick to encourage as well as give.
Other dear friends who have provided support and encouragement
include: Gary and Carol Almy (and the Bible study that meets in their
home), Steve and Patti Feldstein, Mike and Jenny Salvati, Paul and Lau-
rie Alexander, Todd and Andrea Plotner, Steve and Diane Brewer, Jeff
and Jen Brewer, David and Kate Sunday, and our friends at St. Paul
United Methodist Church (Napoleon, OH) and Grace Community Bible
Church (Roselle, IL). In addition to these dear friends, my studies at
Wheaton would not have been possible without the Kenneth Kantzer
Fellowship granted by Wheaton College and funded in large part by
the class of 1953. God has been remarkably generous to me through
these partners in the gospel.
During both my Masters degree at Trinity Evangelical Divinity
School and my doctoral studies at Wheaton College, several scholars
have shaped me personally and academically. Their fingerprints are
evident throughout my work, even where not explicitly acknowledged;
the inadequacies remain my own. Dr. D. A. Carson introduced me to
the broad field of Pauline studies and took time to shepherd me
through my initial explorations into the complex issues surrounding
Paul and the Law as well as the New Perspective. My two years as a
graduate assistant for Dr. Doug Sweeney were invaluable in introduc-
vi Acknowledgements
ing me to a model of rigorous scholarship combined with pastoral care
for one’s students. Although not my mentor here at Wheaton, Dr. G. K.
Beale took the time to discuss and read portions of my research and
provide helpful feedback. His influence is obvious from a glance at the
footnotes in this work.
The two scholars charged with the thankless task of combing care-
fully through my dissertation and publicly examining me were my
second reader Dr. Richard Schultz and my external reader Dr. Rikk
Watts. Their probing and insightful questions resulted in a revised dis-
sertation that is better than the defense draft. They went above and
beyond the call of duty by not only requiring certain revisions but also
making helpful suggestions for how the project might be improved
should I seek to one day publish this project. Now that day has come,
and this present version is significantly better. The remaining inadequ-
acies should in no way be held against them.
Special thanks must go to my mentor and now my friend, Dr. Doug
Moo. His careful and rigorous scholarship first drew me to Trinity
Evangelical Divinity School for my masters degree, and when he left to
direct the PhD. program at Wheaton I knew I wanted to follow. During
my three years at Wheaton Dr. Moo masterfully blended a demand for
excellence in scholarship while motivating and encouraging by grace. I
only wish my scholarship were a better reflection of his own abilities
and energies that he has poured into me during my time at Wheaton.
During the past several years I have had multiple opportunities to
teach through Galatians in a variety of academic and church contexts.
There is nothing like the probing questions of both students and lay
people in the church to reveal places where my understanding of Gala-
tians and Isaiah needed sharpening. I want to express special thanks to
my Advanced Greek Exegesis students at Grace Theological Seminary.
Walking them through Galatians verse-by-verse was pure joy and has
resulted in an even deeper appreciation for the power of the gospel to
transform lives.
Now four years removed from the initial completion of the disserta-
tion, it is also appropriate for me to express my thanks to De Gruyter
for accepting this work into such a prestigious series. The process be-
gan with a providential encounter I had with Dr. Gregory Sterling, who
is Professor of New Testament at the University of Notre Dame and one
of the editors of Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wis-
senschaft und die Kunde der älteren Kirche. Our mutual participation
in a panel discussion sparked a discussion that led to him encouraging
me to submit this dissertation to the fine folks at De Gruyter. I owe spe-
cial thanks to Carsten Burfeind, Albrecht Doehnert and Sabina Da-
Acknowledgements vii
browski for their assistance at various stages in preparing this manu-
script. They have demonstrated both excellence and patience in guiding
me through the entire process.
This opportunity to publish my dissertation has allowed me to
make what I believe to be some significant improvements. I have at-
tempted to update some of the secondary literature to reflect works
published after I initially defended and submitted the dissertation. But
the most substantive revisions were in two primary areas. First, I have
both expanded and tightened my discussion of methodology in an ef-
fort to remove some potential ambiguities and tensions pointed out by
others. Second, I have significantly expanded the conclusion. The four
years since originally writing my dissertation has allowed me to reflect
further on the significance of Isaianic influence for our understanding
of Galatians as well as larger issues within Paul’s theology and self-
understanding.
No acknowledgements section would be complete without recog-
nizing the huge role that my two sons Jonathan and Jacob played in this
entire process. When I began my Ph.D. program at Wheaton, Jonathan
was five and Jacob was two. Seven years have passed since then, which
means that I have been working on this project for the majority of their
young lives. They have sacrificed far more than anyone else in bringing
me to this point, and never once complained about the necessary long
hours that often deprived them of my presence at home. Spending time
with my sons often served as welcome break from the demands of
scholarship and reminded me there were more important things in the
world than the latest monograph on Galatians. It has been especially
sweet to hear them pray for Daddy to “finish his book well” during our
morning devotions.
Last, but most certainly not least, I wish to thank my wife Kate.
What words are adequate to express the debt I owe to my beloved
bride? Next to my salvation, her companionship is the greatest gift God
has given me, a gift we have now shared for fourteen years. She is a
reflection to me and those around her of the self-sacrificial love of Chr-
ist, always willing to help others whenever possible. Not one time dur-
ing the six years of graduate work did I ever hear her begrudge the
long hours necessary for me to complete my studies. Her hunger for
God’s word and love for others are an incarnation of Christ’s own devo-
tion to the Father and willingness to pour oneself out in service to oth-
ers for God’s glory and the advancement of his kingdom. There is no
question that I have found an excellent wife (Proverbs 31:10).
For all of these blessings and countless others unmentioned, I dedi-
cate this dissertation to Christ, who loved me and gave himself for me.
viii Acknowledgements
It is my prayer that he would use it in some small fashion to advance
his kingdom. To him be the glory forever. Amen.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements ....................................................................................... v
Chapter 1: Isaiah and Galatians: An Intertextual Matrix ........................... 1
1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 1
1.2 Review of Relevant Literature ................................................................. 3
1.2.1 Studies on Paul’s Use of the Old Testament ................................. 3
1.2.2 Studies on Paul’s Use of Isaiah ..................................................... 11
1.2.3 Studies on Galatians ...................................................................... 15
1.3 Paul’s Reading of Isaiah within Second Temple Judaism .................. 18
1.4 Paul’s Access to Isaiah’s Prophecies ...................................................... 21
1.4.1 Memorization ................................................................................. 21
1.4.2 Testimonia ...................................................................................... 23
1.4.3 Text .................................................................................................. 25
1.4.4 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 26
1.5 Methodology ............................................................................................ 26
1.5.1 The Methodology of this Study ................................................... 27
1.5.1.1 Terminology .......................................................................... 28
1.5.1.2 Criteria for Detecting Influence ......................................... 31
1.5.2 Reader Competence Past and Present ........................................ 34
1.5.3 Analyzing Paul’s Use of the Old Testament ............................... 36
1.6 The Structure of Isaiah 40–66 ................................................................. 40
1.6.1 The Structure of Isaiah 40–55 ....................................................... 41
1.6.2 The Structure of Isaiah 56–66 ....................................................... 44
1.6.3 Summary ........................................................................................ 45
1.7 Scope and Overview of this Project ...................................................... 45
Chapter 2: Singing the Servant’s Song in Galatians 1–2:
Paul’s Apostolic Ministry Fulfills the Servant’s Mission
in Isaiah 49 and 53 .................................................................................. 47
2.1 Overview of the Argument in Galatians 1–2 ....................................... 47
2.2 Instances of Isaianic Influence ............................................................... 48
2.2.1 Galatians 1:1-5 ................................................................................ 48
2.2.2 Galatians 1:6-10 .............................................................................. 66
x Table of Contents
2.2.3 Galatians 1:11-24 ............................................................................ 75
2.2.4 Galatians 2:1-10 .............................................................................. 89
2.2.5 Galatians 2:11-21 ............................................................................ 91
2.2.6 Summary: Isaianic Influence in Galatians 1–2 ......................... 102
2.3 Synthesis ................................................................................................. 103
2.3.1 Paul as Servant of Yahweh in Isaiah 49 ..................................... 106
2.3.1.1 Romans 10:14-16................................................................. 106
2.3.1.2 Romans 15:21 ...................................................................... 108
2.3.1.3 2 Corinthians 6:2 ................................................................ 109
2.3.1.4 Ephesians 2:17 .................................................................... 110
2.3.1.5 Philippians 2:16 .................................................................. 110
2.3.1.6 Acts 13:47 ............................................................................ 111
2.3.1.7 Summary ............................................................................. 115
2.3.2 Jesus as the Suffering Servant of Isaiah 53 ............................... 115
2.3.3 “Christ Lives in Me”.................................................................... 117
2.4 Summary and Conclusions .................................................................. 121
Chapter 3: Reading the Servant’s Redemption in Galatians 3–4:
Paul’s Interpretation of the Servant’s Salvation in
Isaiah 51–54 ........................................................................................... 123
3.1 Overview of the Argument in Galatians 3–4 ..................................... 123
3.2 Instances of Isaianic Influence ............................................................. 125
3.2.1 Galatians 3:1-5 .............................................................................. 125
3.2.2 Galatians 3:6-29 ............................................................................ 133
3.2.3 Galatians 4:1-20 ............................................................................ 161
3.2.4 Galatians 4:21–5:1 ........................................................................ 173
3.2.5 Summary of Isaianic Influence in Galatians 3–4 ..................... 185
3.3 Synthesis ................................................................................................. 185
3.3.1 Galatians 3:1-5 – Introducing What Is at Stake ........................ 187
3.3.2 Galatians 3:6-14 – The Gospel Preached to Abraham ............. 188
3.3.3 Galatians 3:15-29 – The Servant/Seed Becomes a Curse
to Bless the Gentiles ....................................................................... 191
3.3.4 Galatians 4:1-7 – The Servant/Seed & the New Exodus ......... 193
3.3.5 Galatians 4:8-20 – Paul’s Labor in the Gospel .......................... 196
3.3.6 Galatians 4:21–5:1 –Rejoice in the Freedom the
Servant Bought ............................................................................... 197
3.3.7 Conclusion .................................................................................... 202
3.4 Summary and Conclusions .................................................................. 202
