Shape Analysis and Retrieval of Multimedia Objects

145 Pages·2003·15.396 MB·English

by  Maytham H. Safar, Cyrus Shahabi (auth.)

SHAPE ANALYSIS AND
RETRIEVAL OF
MULTIMEDIA OBJECTS
MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS AND
APPLICATIONS SERIES
Consulting Editor
Borko Furht
Florida Atlantic University
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SHAPE ANALYSIS AND
RETRIEVAL OF
MULTIMEDIA OBJECTS
by
Maytham H. Safar
Kuwait University, Kuwait
Cyrus Shahabi
University of Southern California, U.S.A.
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A CLP. Catalogue record for this book is available
from the Library of Congress.
Safar, Maytham H.; Shahabi, Cyrus
SHAPE ANALYSIS AND RETRIEVAL OF MULTIMEDIA OBJECTS
ISBN 978-1-4613-5033-0 ISBN 978-1-4615-0349-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-0349-1
Copyright © 2003 by Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2003
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without the written
permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied
specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system,
for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Printed on acid-free paper.
Contents
List of Figures IX
List of Tables Xlll
Preface XV
1 Outline XVI
2 Acknowledgements XVII
Contributing Authors XXI
Introduction XXlll
3 Shape Representation xxvi
4 Why MBC? xxvi
5 MBC for Similarity Queries XXVII
6 MBC for Spatial Queries xxviii
Part I Image Shape Representation
1
Image Description Techniques 3
1 Shape Representation Methods 4
2
Image Similarity Measures 9
1 Similarity Measures 9
3
Image Shape Features 13
1 MBC Features 15
vi SHAPE ANALYSIS AND RETRIEVAL OF MULTIMEDIA OBJECTS
4
Alternative Image Description 19
Techniques
1 Fourier Descriptors Method 20
I
2 Grid Based Method 21
2.1 Rotation Normalization 22
2.2 Scale Normalization 23
3 Delaunay Triangulation Method 24
4 MBC-TPVAS Met.hod 25
Part II Query Types and Index Structures
5
Sha}?e Si.milarity i\btching 31
~uenes
1 2D Similarity Queries 32
1.1 Full Match 33
1.2 Approximate Match 33
1.3 Match with a Specified Transformation 34
1.4 Match with Unspecified Transformation 35
1.5 Partial Match 35
2 2D Similarity Queries with MBC 35
2.1 Exact Match Shape Retrieval - EM 36
2.2 RST Shape Retrieval 37
2.3 Similarity Shape Retrieval - SIM 40
6
Spat.ial Queries 43
1 Spatial Queries with MBC 43
2 Topological Relations 45
2.1 Topological Relations using M Be 47
2.2 Special Cases of Topological Relations 51
2.2.1 MBCs of objects overlap 52
2.2.2 MBCs of objects are equal 56
3 Direction Relations 57
3.1 Cone-Based Direction Relat.ions 57
7
M ult.idimensional Index 63
Structures
1 Point Access Methods (PAMs) 65
2 Spatial Access Methods (SAMs) 65
2.l The Tree-Based Indexing Methods 66
2.2 Index Evaluation Parameters 67
3 MBC Index Structures 70
Contents vii
3.1 INaive Index Structure 72
3.2 ITPAS Index Structure 73
3.3 IVAS Index Structure 75
3.4 ITPVAS Index Structure 76
Part III Selected Topics
8
Observations on MBC and MBR 81
Approaches
1 Sphere Index for MBCs 81
2 Complex Queries 82
9
Evaluation Framework 85
1 Accuracy 86
2 Cost 87
3 Robustness to Noise 87
4 Robustness to Boundary Points Selection 88
5 Support of Different Query Types 91
6 Human Perception 94
10
MBC Optimization Techniques 95
1 Optimized MBC Computation Algorithm 95
2 Phase Values Trends of Fourier Transform 99
11
Appendix 105
Appendix: Cost Analysis of Index Structures 106
1 MBC Algorithm 106
2 Index Cost Analysis 107
Appendix: Spatial Relations with MBR 109
1 Topological Relations Using MBRs 109
2 Direction Relations Using MBRs 110
Appendix: Computation and Storage Cost Analysis 114
1 Grid Based Method 114
2 Fourier Descriptors Method 114
3 Delaunay Triangulation Method 115
4 MBC-TPVAS Method 115
12
Bibliography 117
viii SHAPE ANALYSIS AND RETRIEVAL OF MULTIMEDIA OBJECTS
Topic Index 127
List of Figures
1.1 Taxonomy of shape description techniques proposed
by the study in [53] 4
1.2 Taxonomy of shape description techniques proposed
by the studies in [90,91] 5
1.3 Taxonomy proposed of shape description techniques
by the study in [71] 7
3.1 MBC features 15
3.2 Polygons 16
4.1 Fourier descriptors method 21
4.2 Grid based method - object mapping and represen-
tation 23
4.3 Grid based method - rotation normalization 23
4.4 Grid based method - scale normalization 24
4.5 Delaunay triangulation method 26
4.6 MBC-TPVAS method 27
.5.1 MBC touch points TPs; denoted by X; and start
point SPs; denoted by bullets 37
.5.2 Objects considered identical under RST queries 37
5.3 MBCs, TPs, and TPASs of an object and its scaled
version 39
5.4 /3 and ")' factors 40
6.1 Topological, direction, and distance features 45
6.2 Possible relations between actual objects given the
relation between their ~1BCs 48
6.3 Cont. Possible relations between actual objects given
the relation between their MBCs 49
x SHAPE ANALYSIS AND RETRIEVAL OF MULTIMEDIA OBJECTS
6.4 Half and fully filled circles 50
6. .5 Relations cannot be identified between actual ob-
jects given the MBC relations 50
6.6 Different overlap cases according to the centers of
the MBCs 53
6.7 Examples where two ~BCs are overlapped and a
refinement step is required 55
6.S Examples in which the two MBCs are overlapped
and a refinement step is not required 56
6.9 Primitive direction relations using cone-shaped method
58
6.10 Special direction cases 59
6.11 Minimum bounding circle partitioning 60
6.12 Same level partitioning 60
6.13 Primitive direction relations in 3-D space 62
6.14 Primitive direction relations partitions in 3-D 62
7.1 Index structures INaive , ITPAs , IVAs , and ITPvAs
71
S.l Intermediate nodes propagation 83
8.2 A query with two reference objects and empty re-
sults 83
9.1 Example of objects corrupted by Noise-M1 and Noise-
M2 89
9.2 VRA algorithm heuristics 91
9.3 Example of applying I-pass VRA algorithm 92
9.4 Example of applying 3-pass VRA algorithm 93
10.1 Optimized MBC 95
10.2 MBC and its MBRs 98
10.3 maxR 99